Photovoltaics. Photovoltaic (PV) technologies – more commonly known as solar panels – generate power using devices that absorb energy from sunlight and convert it into electrical energy through semiconducting materials. These devices, known as solar cells, are then connected to form larger power-generating units known as modules or panels.PV modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate and are the fundamental building block of PV systems. Panels. PV panels include one or more PV modules assembled as a pre-wired, field-installable unit. Array. A PV array is the complete power-generating unit, consisting of any number of PV modules and panels.R3 Tech specializes in turnkey solutions, repair, and resale of used panels. Connect with Laid on EnergyBin for help with your residential, commercial or utility-scale project needs. Laid Sahraoui started his career in the solar industry in 2008 working transnationally between Europe and China. He was directly exposed to the manufacturing …This thin-film material goes on top of different types of base layers, such as glass, plastic, steel, and aluminum. The result is a powerful semiconductor. Some CIGS panels use a flexible backing, and the thin layers enable full-panel flexibility. Laboratory CIGS cells have reached efficiency highs of 22.4%.When separated and processed correctly, these components can be recycled and sold to PV manufacturers. In recent years, the technology for recycling these panels has improved dramatically. PV Cycle, a European non-profit, engineered a 96% recycling rate for silicon-based panels in 2016. The group is continuing to push toward a 100% ...The price of Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels has dropped rapidly in the last ten years. A domestic PV array can now be cost effective without any subsidy. You can sell the electricity you don’t use directly for a fair export rate. Whether you use or export the power, PV is a great way of helping us get towards a zero carbon electricity grid.Among the different PV panel technologies, crystalline Si modules represent 85–90% of the market (data provided by the IEA). GWP produced by recycling of 1 tonne of Si PV panels is equal to 370 kg CO 2 eq/kg [6], saving approximately 800–1200 kg CO 2 eq/kg in case of a module 100% manufactured from primary materials. Moreover, PV …Shopping for second hand Persian rugs? Persian rugs can be pricey. Second hand is a good buying alternative as the Persians typically hold up well, especially if they’re made of na...Solar Panel Selection Guide · 1 - 90 Watts · These small solar panels are commonly used to trickle charge RV batteries or power small off-grid systems, including ...Solar Panel Efficiency explained. Solar panel efficiency is the amount of sunlight (irradiance) that falls on the surface of a solar panel and is converted into electricity.Due to the many advances in photovoltaic technology over recent years, the average panel conversion efficiency has increased from 15% to over 23%. This …Solar panels are made up of glass, metal, and plastic — all of which can be used again once the panel has reached its end of life. Recycling solar panels starts with separating and isolating all the constituent components, including the special photovoltaic panel glass, aluminum frame, connection box, and connection cables.The cost per panel works out to roughly $0.78 cents per residential solar panel, and just over $1.oo per utility-scale panel. This would increase the cost of the average 7 kW residential project ...Shop / Solar Panels / Condition / Used Solar Panels. Quickview. Blemished SanTan 250W (SSG) Solar Panel - Pallet of 20 $ 1,000.00. Add to cart. Quickview. Blemished SanTan 250W Solar Panel - Pallet of 25 $ 625.00. Add to cart. Quickview. Blemished Trina 240W Solar Panels $ 24.00. Add to cart. Quickview.200 Watt 12 Volt Solar Panel 2 Pack of 100 Watt 9BB Monocrystalline Solar Module Solar Panels with Half Cut Cells for RV Home Boat and Other Off Grid System( ...Solar panels are used to generate electricity on a residential, commercial, and industrial scale. Photovoltaic systems can be installed on roofs, land or specific structures, and can power entire buildings or be part of a larger electrical grid. Many electricity companies buy excess electricity generated by small and medium-sized producers to ...Shopping for second hand Persian rugs? Persian rugs can be pricey. Second hand is a good buying alternative as the Persians typically hold up well, especially if they’re made of na...Jul 22, 2021 ... And in some waste management facilities, like that which Engerer patronises, the proprietors know enough – or can be advised by regular clients ...Tandem PV, a California-based technology startup specializing in ultra-high-efficiency perovskite and silicon tandem solar panels, announced the initial $6 million close of its $12M Series A financing round.The round was led by Bioeconomy Capital, an early-stage venture capital firm, through its new Planetary Technologies fund, with …More than 90% of photovoltaic (PV) panels rely on crystalline silicon and have a life span of about 30 years. Forecasts suggest that 8 million metric tons (t) of these panels will have reached the ...The standardized way of pricing second-hand modules is the cost per watt. It is similar to how the prices of new solar panels are compared. Typically, the value of used solar …The brands Maxeon and REC currently top our list of the best solar panels. Both brands offer highly efficient solar panels and come with strong production guarantees over 25 years. Maxeon panels ...Jan 25, 2022 · Photovoltaic (PV) panels are one of the most important solar energy sources used to convert the sun’s radiation falling on them into electrical power directly. Many factors affect the functioning of photovoltaic panels, including external factors and internal factors. External factors such as wind speed, incident radiation rate, ambient temperature, and dust accumulation on the PV cannot be ... Solar panels are made of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to direct current electricity (DC electricity). As long as the sun ray’s are making contact with your roof, your panels are converting solar radiation into DC electricity. Even when it’s cloudy, you can still expect your solar panels to produce 10% to 25% of their normal output.Solar cell. A conventional crystalline silicon solar cell (as of 2005). Electrical contacts made from busbars (the larger silver-colored strips) and fingers (the smaller ones) are printed on the silicon wafer. Symbol of a Photovoltaic cell. A solar cell or photovoltaic cell ( PV cell) is an electronic device that converts the energy of light ...The current report is specifically limited to the key metals used in crystalline silicon and thin-film panels — including lead and cadmium. The authors note that further research may be needed on other panel components such as copper, nickel and tellurium. The study is also limited to impacts on human health, not the environment in general.PV panels are widely used across the globe as a promising solution to global climate change, introducing reliability, investment, and output loss in the system due to hotspots and faultiness. The timely monitoring of PV panel health and defects can avoid their permanent failure. In this paper, a fast, low-storage, and simple architecture of an ...Amazon.com : Renogy 2pcs 320W Solar Panels 24V Monocrystalline On/Off Grid 640W for RV Boat Shed Farm Home House Rooftop Residential Commercial House, ... HQST 100 Watt 12 Volt Polycrystalline Solar Panel with Solar Connectors High Efficiency Module PV Power for Battery Charging Boat, Caravan, RV and Any Other Off Grid Applications ... Photovoltaics. Photovoltaic (PV) technologies – more commonly known as solar panels – generate power using devices that absorb energy from sunlight and convert it into electrical energy through semiconducting materials. These devices, known as solar cells, are then connected to form larger power-generating units known as modules or panels. The conversion efficiency of solar radiation in PV panel into electricity, ranging from 12% to 18% currently, and up to 80% of solar radiation either reflected or turn into heat [19]. As mentioned earlier, increasing the temperature of the PV panel reduces the performance. Every increase of 10 °C caused a decrease in PV panel efficiency of 5% ...Solar panels act as a way to mount a series of solar cells so that their unique properties can be used to generate electricity. Individual cells absorb photons from the Sun, which results in the production of an electric current in the cell through a phenomenon known as the photovoltaic effect. [3] An inverter is used to convert the direct ...Photovoltaic (PV) devices contain semiconducting materials that convert sunlight into electrical energy. A single PV device is known as a cell, and these cells are connected together in chains to form larger units known as modules or panels. Research into cell and module design allows PV technologies to become more sophisticated, reliable, and ...My questions are: 1. Can I register for FIT with a 2nd hand system? 2. What is likely cost of installation by MCS registered installer? 3. Is £ ...Solar thermal efficiency vs PV systems isn’t much of a contest. PV solar panels aren’t nearly as efficient as thermal panels, turning about 20% of captured sunlight into electricity. Compare that to solar thermal energy systems, which harvest 70% of energy captured. But when they serve different purposes, any comparison is only a point of ...The lifespan of a solar photovoltaic panel is approximately 20-30 years, while the lifetime of an inverter can be upwards of 10 years. Therefore, many solar products have not yet reached end-of-life, and in fact, panels installed in the early 1980s are still performing at effective levels. Some SEIA members operate take-back and recycling ...Photovoltaic panels are included in IV. category "Consumer electronics and photovoltaic panels". This Directive mandates that at least 70% of photovoltaic panel materials must be reused or recycled.200 Watt 12 Volt Solar Panel 2 Pack of 100 Watt 9BB Monocrystalline Solar Module Solar Panels with Half Cut Cells for RV Home Boat and Other Off Grid System( ...1000-1499 W. 500-599 W. 10-19 W. 10 ct. CANADIAN 250 WATT SOLAR PANELS!!! FREE SHIPPING TO LOWER 48. Pre-Owned. $999.00. gogreenmansolar (246) 100% Buy It Now. …In addition, while recycling appears to be the preferred option for the EoL management of solar PV, an intermediate strong second hand economy for used solar PV panels also seems to be an appropriate path towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. especially for oil rich nations with a high fossil fuel share in the energy mix, lower per ...Most solar panel manufacturers produce photovoltaic (PV) panels for residential use, but the options aren’t all created equal. Each brand has a different efficiency level, rate of degradation, durability and more, so choosing the best option for your solar project can be quite confusing. To make matters worse, opting for the wrong brand could ...In February, non-profit EU solar panel recycling body PV Cycle announced it had collected 5,000 tons of modules in France, of which 94.7% could be recycled. A reader asked us about the remaining 5 ... We may be compensated for any purchases made. 10 x Powerful 265W Used & Tested Solar Panels Just 7 years Old. £580.00. or make offer. Collection only (Norwich) View item. Powerful 265W Mono Used & Tested Solar Panels - Fresh from the Farm. £59.95. or make offer. Cost. Refurbished: Refurbished solar panels cost 50%-70% less than new solar panels. They cost more than used solar panels because the products have been restored to an acceptable condition or standard. Used: Expect to pay between $0.10 to $0.60 per watt for second-hand solar panels.Aug 9, 2018 · In fact, the degradation rate for PV panels is just 0.4% per year for panels manufactured after 2000 (and only 0.5% for older panels) and not the 1% per year that had been assumed. What that means is that after 20 years, you can expect your solar panels to operate at 92% of the original power. The improved degradation rate figure benefits you ... Most solar panel manufacturers produce photovoltaic (PV) panels for residential use, but the options aren’t all created equal. Each brand has a different efficiency level, rate of degradation, durability and more, so choosing the best option for your solar project can be quite confusing. To make matters worse, opting for the wrong brand could ...Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is the process of converting energy from the sun into electricity using solar panels. Solar panels, also called PV panels, are combined into arrays in a PV system. PV systems can also be installed in grid-connected or off-grid (stand-alone) configurations. The basic components of these two configurations ...This is from a 5.4kwh system, south facing and based on the Monaghan Fermanagh border. The average home in Ireland can generate up to 80% of its own electricity through solar PV panels. When you consider that the average annual electric bill amounts to almost €1100, that means you could save €880 per year!Jul 22, 2021 ... And in some waste management facilities, like that which Engerer patronises, the proprietors know enough – or can be advised by regular clients ... Panels for home systems usually have 60/120 cells. They are relatively small and it's easier to fit them on a house roof. Their dimensions are about 39 x 66 inches. A 120-cell panel is the same size as 60-cell panels because of the half-cut cell technology. Generally all panels with 300-370 Watts of power have 60/120 cells. Jun 15, 2023 · What is the Used Solar Panels? Used solar panels are photovoltaic (PV) modules that have been previously installed and operated but are still in working condition. These panels are often available for purchase in the secondary market when individuals or businesses upgrade their solar systems or remove them due to relocation or system expansion. . Jan 3, 2020 · Solar Trivia: The highest efficiency ever recorded for a PV panel to date (developed in 2006) was about 41%! This was a U.S.-funded effort for power in space exploration. At the time, the Department of Energy believed the system would be scaled commercially, eventually reaching a solar panel cost of a mere $3/watt, producing energy at $0.8–0. ... Solar Panels [New/used] (110W - 450W), 4mm PV Cables & Staubli MC4 Connectors. Got a variety of Solar Panels in stock for sale and collection 110W (new) - 1.1m long, 0.5m wide--26V Voc £60 170W (new) - 1.1m long, 0.7m wide £90 265W (used) - 1.65m long, 1m wide--38V Voc £50 410W (new ... Brand new never been used solar panel to keep battery ...Solar panels are made up of glass, metal, and plastic — all of which can be used again once the panel has reached its end of life. Recycling solar panels starts with separating and isolating all the constituent components, including the special photovoltaic panel glass, aluminum frame, connection box, and connection cables.Repowering is our Mission Used PV Panels fits for all Budgets and Projects. Solar is booming. Every day, we read about bigger, more ambitious solar installations being commissioned, driven by the latest technology in modules, racking and other balance of system components. By definition, PV plants' performance diminishes every year due to …Second-Hand PV Machines Deals · Burkle Laminator · 400MW PV modules manufacturing Company · Team Technik TT1800 PV Stringer · Meier Icolam 42-24 PV Lami...The current report is specifically limited to the key metals used in crystalline silicon and thin-film panels — including lead and cadmium. The authors note that further research may be needed on other panel components such as copper, nickel and tellurium. The study is also limited to impacts on human health, not the environment in general.Second-Hand PV Machines Deals · Burkle Laminator · 400MW PV modules manufacturing Company · Team Technik TT1800 PV Stringer · Meier Icolam 42-24 PV Lami...Solar panels, also known as PV panels, convert sunlight into electrical energy. The amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface every hour and 30 minutes is enough to power our planet for ... ADVENTURE KINGS SOLAR BLANKET - 377943. UP FOR SALE ADVENTURE KINGS SOLAR BLANKET 130W 4X PANEL SOLAR WITH MPPT 130W CONTROLLER AND LEAD KIT We are a second hand dealer / pawnbroker and any enquiries are welcome either in store or call us on (07) *****8353 Located at Hippopotamus Pawnbrokers 718 Gympie Road, Lawnton. We are open 7 days a week. Jun 12, 2020 ... In this video, I show you what to look for and how to test those used solar panels that you are interested in buying.Weatherizing your home and heating and cooling efficiently will reduce the amount of electricity you need to produce with solar. 2. Assess Your Solar Potential. Before deciding on the best way to use solar electricity at home, assess the potential solar energy that can be produced at your address.Image courtesy Reclaim PV. Currently 85% to 95% of a panel can be reclaimed and recycled. Some damaged or early-fail panels can be repaired and resold on the secondhand market or to developing countries at reduced prices, allowing access to solar technology to those who might otherwise not be able to afford it.It can: Generate electricity using the photovoltaic phenomenon. Generate thermal energy using collectors and liquids (usually water) In the first approach, solar PV panels on your roof absorb sunlight and convert it into usable electricity for your household. In the second approach, sunlight energy will heat up a substance, which is usually ...Dec 1, 2023 ... On the positive side, it can be cost-effective, providing savings on the initial investment. Additionally, reusing panels promotes ...20% increase in electricity means the reflectors have to cost 20% as much as the PV panels, per unit area, if an equal area of reflectors is used …to maintain the same cost per kWh of ...Mar 11, 2024 · This could be used to produce up to 60 million new solar PV panels. By 2050, global PV waste is projected to reach 5 million tonnes annually. The materials recovered are estimated to total $15 ... The photovoltaic effect explained: how solar cells produce electricity. A solar cell works in three generalized steps: Light is absorbed and knocks electrons loose. Loose electrons flow, creating an electrical current. The electrical current is captured and transferred to wires. The photovoltaic effect is a complicated process, but these three ... Photovoltaic (PV) devices contain semiconducting materials that convert sunlight into electrical energy. A single PV device is known as a cell, and these cells are connected together in chains to form larger units known as modules or panels. Research into cell and module design allows PV technologies to become more sophisticated, reliable, and ...If you’re in the market for a tractor but don’t want to break the bank, buying a second hand one can be a great option. Second hand tractors for sale can offer significant cost sav...In the latest PV Module Price Index presented by EnergyBin, a report that tracks crystalline-silicon module prices within the secondary market, the average price ranged from $0.053 to $0.310 per watt for used modules between 120 and 435 watts. Some second-hand modules that appear for resale on EnergyBin are less than five years old.Used solar PV panels, in combination with second-life batteries, have the potential to bring clean electricity to unconnected households and replace expensive, polluting diesel and gasoline backup generators. But exporting the panels brings certain risks, we discovered. The global second-hand trading market is fragmented, and it’s not ...A photovoltaic system, also called a PV system or solar power system, is an electric power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics.It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as …Photovoltaic Technology Basics. Solar Photovoltaic System Design Basics. Solar photovoltaic modules are where the electricity gets generated, but are only one of the many parts in a complete photovoltaic (PV) system. In order for the generated electricity to be useful in a home or business, a number of other technologies must be in place.Find your Epson printer’s control panel, which is normally on the upper right-hand side, and locate the reset button. Press and hold this button for three seconds to reset the prin...Efficiencies vary based on the specific material used in the cells, but thin-film solar panels tend to be around 11% efficiency. Thin-film solar cell technology does not come in uniform sizes. The power capacity from one thin-film panel to another largely depends on its physical size. Generally, the power capacity per square foot of ...Efficiencies vary based on the specific material used in the cells, but thin-film solar panels tend to be around 11% efficiency. Thin-film solar cell technology does not come in uniform sizes. The power capacity from one thin-film panel to another largely depends on its physical size. Generally, the power capacity per square foot of ...These are the levels used in testing solar panels, meaning solar panels in FL will give you maximum performance during ~5 hours per day. Are solar panels worth ...At that rate, solar panels are capable of producing up to 93% of their original output even after 25 years! Note that Tier 2 and Tier 3 solar panels (the kind we do NOT use at Sunnova), degrade at a much faster rate, …Solar panel, a component of a photovoltaic system that is made out of a series of photovoltaic cells arranged to generate electricity using sunlight. The main component of a solar panel is a solar cell, which converts the Sun’s energy to usable electrical energy. The most common form of solar.Solar photovoltaic systems. Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices, or solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. Small PV cells can power calculators, watches, and other small electronic devices. Larger solar cells are grouped in PV panels, and PV panels are connnected in arrays that can produce electricity for an entire house.Since photovoltaic solar panels contain lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and many other harmful chemicals, recycling is the major challenge. According to [ 10 ], the average life of modern solar panels is 25 years and the most common end-of-life (EoL) technology for photovoltaic components remains their disposal in landfills.Photovoltaic panels are included in IV. category "Consumer electronics and photovoltaic panels". This Directive mandates that at least 70% of photovoltaic panel materials must be reused or recycled.Mar 27, 2023 ... Used panels may only produce 80% of rating, so keep that in mind. If it is an easy installation on the ground and you can add bigger or ...Nov 15, 2021 ... SolarKobo would not recommend used panels unless their age and conditions are determined before purchase and unless they are purchased directly ...The notable progress in the development of photovoltaic (PV) technologies over the past 5 years necessitates the renewed assessment of state-of-the-art devices. Here, we present an analysis of the ...Sunhub, the solar marketplace to buy or sell new, used, refurbished or defected solar equipment from thousands of members across the United States.The best panels for commercial use have efficiencies around 18% to 22%, but researchers are studying how to improve efficiency and energy yield while keeping production costs low. Read more about solar PV research directions in Part 2! Part 1 of the PV Cells 101 primer explains how a solar cell turns sunlight into electricity and why silicon …Ireland. eBay. Price: 200 €. Product condition: New. See details. 30a solar charge. Solar panel solar. With the following characteristics usb port. A solar technology qualified as ¨type: pwm¨ and this is also a resistance properties predefined as ¨dustproof¨ and a current type equivalent to max pv voltage 50v ...How Solar Panels Work. Published Sep 11, 2015 Updated Dec 18, 2015. Table of Contents. Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are based on a high-tech but remarkably simple technology that converts sunlight directly to electricity. It's an idea that has been around for well over a century. In 1839, French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered …The most crucial component of the solar panels is the photovoltaic (PV) cells responsible for producing electricity from solar radiation. The rest of the elements that are part of a solar panel protect and give firmness and functionality to the whole. The structure of a solar panel is divided into different parts or components.Passive cooling of a PV solar panel using phase-change material (PCM) may play an important role in increasing efficiency of PV cells. Because it does not need a maintenance and does not release greenhouses gases, PCM seems to be a good way to decrease the among of overheating of PV cell. The aims of this paper describes a …In addition, while recycling appears to be the preferred option for the EoL management of solar PV, an intermediate strong second hand economy for used solar PV panels also seems to be an appropriate path towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. especially for oil rich nations with a high fossil fuel share in the energy mix, lower per ...Used PV Panels fits for all Budgets and Projects. rePOWERPARTNER is the liable partner to sell high quality and low price used solar panels.The panels are repaired and then redeployed if they’re not functioning. Since these modules are refurbished, they’re sold at a lower cost ($0.05-$0.15 per watt, compared to $0.50 for new panels on the wholesale market). RecyclePV is currently finding refurbishing centers closer to its operations to cut shipping costs.Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is the process of converting energy from the sun into electricity using solar panels. Solar panels, also called PV panels, are combined into arrays in a PV system. PV systems can also be installed in grid-connected or off-grid (stand-alone) configurations. The basic components of these two configurations ...The raw materials technically recoverable from PV panels globally could cumulatively be worth $450 million (in 2016 terms) by 2030, the report found, about equal to the cost of raw materials ...Fig. 9 shows most common PV panel configuration used in manufacturing. It consists of two bypass diodes each protecting 18 solar cells in series. With both group of series cells having bypass diodes, performance of solar panel differs from that without bypass diode.If two different solar radiation levels fall on two groups of PV panel, each …Mar 8, 2024 ... Very often, old or used solar panels end up in the trash, with many people even paying good money to have them hauled away and disposed of.To boost the power output of PV cells, they are connected together in chains to form larger units known as modules or panels. Modules can be used individually, or several can be connected to form arrays. One or more arrays is then connected to the electrical grid as part of a complete PV system. Because of this modular structure, PV systems can ...Photovoltaic (PV) devices contain semiconducting materials that convert sunlight into electrical energy. A single PV device is known as a cell, and these cells are connected together in chains to form larger units known as modules or panels. Research into cell and module design allows PV technologies to become more sophisticated, reliable, and ...Ireland. eBay. Price: 200 €. Product condition: New. See details. 30a solar charge. Solar panel solar. With the following characteristics usb port. A solar technology qualified as ¨type: pwm¨ and this is also a resistance properties predefined as ¨dustproof¨ and a current type equivalent to max pv voltage 50v ...Shopping for second hand Persian rugs? Persian rugs can be pricey. Second hand is a good buying alternative as the Persians typically hold up well, especially if they’re made of na...The biggest advantage of buying previously owned products is the significant drop in price. Let’s say that a new 300W panel costs about $300. Well, if you decide to buy used, those $300 may buy as many as 4 panels. On the off chance that you stumble onto some second hand solar panels for sale, you’ll have saved a lot of money. Panels for home systems usually have 60/120 cells. They are relatively small and it's easier to fit them on a house roof. Their dimensions are about 39 x 66 inches. A 120-cell panel is the same size as 60-cell panels because of the half-cut cell technology. Generally all panels with 300-370 Watts of power have 60/120 cells. Benefits. Solar panels generate electricity without producing carbon dioxide emissions (though there are likely to be carbon emissions during their manufacture). A PV system has no moving parts to go wrong. PV panels can last for 20 years or more with very little maintenance so that, once the initial cost has been paid, the electricity they ... ADVENTURE KINGS SOLAR BLANKET - 377943. UP FOR SALE ADVENTURE KINGS SOLAR BLANKET 130W 4X PANEL SOLAR WITH MPPT 130W CONTROLLER AND LEAD KIT We are a second hand dealer / pawnbroker and any enquiries are welcome either in store or call us on (07) *****8353 Located at Hippopotamus Pawnbrokers 718 Gympie Road, Lawnton. We are open 7 days a week. Dry or Water Spraying Solar Panel Cleaning Brush System for Photovoltaic Power Plant. used. Manufacturer: Santoemma; Automatic solar panel cleaning robot Product Description Photovoltaic panel cleaning equipment is a professional cleaning equipment designed, developed and manufactured by our company according to the special env...The price for second hand solar panels varies widely, as there is a significant difference in the performance of damaged or heavily used panels and like-new or refurbished … ---1