Lethwei

Lethwei

Apr 7, 2019 · Tun Tun Min vs Dave Leduc, GTG Myanmar Lethwei Fight 2016, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. The champion, Tun Tun Min, entered the fight with a record of 43 wins, 10 draws, and 1 loss. He became the youngest ever openweight Lethwei champion at the age of 21 and was the heavy favorite …Learn about the history, rules and traditions of Lethwei, a full contact combat sport from Myanmar that uses stand-up striking and headbutting. Discover how Lethwei evolved from ancient times … Lethwei (Burmese: လက်ဝှေ့; IPA: [lɛʔ.ʍḛ]), or Burmese boxing, is a full contact combat sport from Myanmar that uses stand-up striking along with various clinching techniques. Lethwei is considered to be one of the most brutal martial arts in the world, because the fights are done bareknuckle, with only the use of tape and ... Sep 26, 2023 · From a glance, the techniques of Lethwei vs Muay Thai are identical. Both practice the same punches, kicks, knees, and elbows. The big difference between the two styles is the headbutts of Lethwei. Muay Thai is the art of eight limbs, while Lethwei is the art of nine. The brutal headbutts in Lethwei are unique to the martial arts. Due to the violent ruleset, Lethwei is difficult to sanction and is only legal in a few countries outside of Myanmar. On November 7, 2020, in partnership with the Wyoming Combat Sports …#LethweivsMuayThai #traininginThailand #bareknuckleboxinghttps://www.instagram.com/daniel_baci_My breakdown of Lethwei (Burmese bare-knuckle boxing) vs. Muay... Bj Penn comes to mind as the most recent. Lethwei isn't popular enough for this question to be even considered a proper debate ("is muay thai or lethwei better for self defence") Actually it is. Muay Thai fighters are generally much better fighters than Lithwei guys. A Glock is better than Lethwei. Lethwei is Myanmar's national martial art that allows the use of nine limbs, including headbutts. Learn about its origins, modernization, international exposure, and values …Mar 24, 2024 · Lethwei (Burmese: လက်ဝှေ့; IPA: [lɛʔ.ʍḛ]) or Burmese boxing is a full contact combat sport from Myanmar. Lethwei is considered to be one of the most brutal martial arts in the world, because headbutts are permitted and the fights are done bareknuckle (without gloves).[1]WELCOME to the World of Lethwei - Burmese Bare Knuckle Boxing. Your #1 Source for Lethwei! The Most Brutal Sport in the 🌍 Originated in Myanmar 🇲🇲 KO to win • Headbutts • Takedowns ...Lethwei: The Brutal Burmese Martial Art. By The MMA Guru / February 23, 2024. Lethwei, the beautiful, brutal Burmese martial art, holds a certain mystique in the realm of combat sports. With its use of headbutts and …Nov 22, 2019 · Lethwei Yei again is yet another unique pre-fight ritual dance that is quite different from what is used prior to the start of a bout in neighboring countries. It is unique to Lethwei and again draws from India and possibly other influences. Lethwei Yei is a distinct Burmese display of rapid movements that can also be read by the experienced ...Lethwei is a type of Bando which can be seen as a milder system of unarmed combat. Bando's roots precede that of lethwei and was influenced and developed over time …Dave Leduc King of Lethwei - Highlights. Master the Heavy Bag - 50% OFF Limited Offer - https://fijimuaythai.com/HBBOffer Canadian fighter, Dave 'The Nomad' Leduc is the …Aug 25, 2021 · Lethwei fighters fight bare-knuckle. What also makes Lethwei brutal is the lack of protective gear like gloves. Instead of wearing gloves, fighters only wrap their hands using gauze or tape, and ... Mar 13, 2019 · Lethwei Rules and Fight Attire. Often referred to as “The Art Of 9 Limbs”, Lethwei allows the use of fists, knees, elbows, feet, clinches, and headbutts. Yes, headbutts. Headbutts are an outright game-changer in combat sports, and they are heavily encouraged in Myanmar’s ancient sport. Fighters must wear tape on their fists and feet ... Mar 7, 2023 · Lethwei or Burmese Barenuckle Boxing is a full-contact combat sport from Myanmar. The use of fists, elbows, knees, and feet, but more controversially, the head makes it a very unusual martial art. Although disallowed in many combat sports, in Lethwei, the use of headbutt is encouraged. This is why it is also known as “The Art of 9 Limbs.”.There are a few Lethwei rules that the fighters must follow during a match. Lethwei is the most lenient combat sport regarding rules, but fighters will honor them. Lethwei …Tun Tun Min vs Cyrus (USA), 3rd Remarch, Myanmar Lethwei Fight, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. Tun Tun Min, the youngest winner of Lethwei’s coveted Golden Belt, on the other hand isn’t much of a body …Oct 16, 2023 · In the realm of martial arts, Lethwei stands as one of the most brutal and exhilarating combat sports to have emerged from Myanmar (Burma). Often dubbed as "The Art of Nine Limbs," Lethwei incorporates the use of fists, elbows, knees, and feet, as well as the inclusion of headbutts—making it distinct from …Traditional Lethwei is a term that best describes this ancient practice that includes the holiday celebrations all the way through to the fight for the flag tournaments. Modern Lethwei is what has essentially overshadowed it in the big arenas, often televised with varying adjusted rules and Belts/Tournaments …Brutal Headbutt KO! Wait for it!Lethwei 🇲🇲 Vs Muaythai 🇹🇭Tha Ti Aung (🔴) Phu Thai (🔵)Subscribe Lethwei World for more !Dave Leduc, 6-times undefeated Lethwei World Champion Traditional Lethwei Rules – KO to Win.JOIN my Lethwei Army!🎖️SUBSCRIBE http://bit.ly/lethwei GRAB s...Learn about the history, rules, techniques, and culture of Lethwei, a brutal and raw combat sport from Myanmar. Discover how fighters use their fists, elbows, knees, shins, and heads to strike …Taken from JRE MMA Show #81 w/David Leduc: https://youtu.be/O1mo5D3UF7s Lethwei ( Burmese: လက်ဝှေ့; IPA: [lɛʔ.ʍḛ] ), or Burmese boxing, is a full contact combat sport from Myanmar that uses stand-up striking along with various clinching techniques. Lethwei is considered to be one of the most brutal martial arts in the world, because the fights are done bareknuckle, with only the use of tape and ... WLC - World Lethwei Championship. 387,733 likes · 221 talking about this. World Lethwei Championship, the biggest bareknuckle fighting organisation in the world.Apr 7, 2019 · Tun Tun Min vs Dave Leduc, GTG Myanmar Lethwei Fight 2016, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. The champion, Tun Tun Min, entered the fight with a record of 43 wins, 10 draws, and 1 loss. He became the youngest ever openweight Lethwei champion at the age of 21 and was the heavy favorite …Sep 11, 2023 · Lethwei, also known as Burmese boxing, is a full-contact combat sport that originated in Myanmar. It is a martial art that uses stand-up striking techniques, including headbutts and is considered one of the most brutal martial arts in the world. Fighters can use various techniques, including punches, kicks, knees, and elbows; headbutts are also ... This is Lethwei. Myanmar’s brutal national sport is dubbed the “art of nine limbs” for each body part that can be employed in the attack: fists, feet, elbows, knees and, uniquely, heads ...Jan 23, 2021 · Lethwei is based on tradition and respect. Lethwei is a true martial art that embraces traditional values. You will rarely see fighters hating each other or talking trash. They are all kind and ...#3 Lethwei Is Known As “The Art Of Nine Limbs” Lethwei is also known as the art of nine limbs, because it allows the use of fists, feet, elbows knees, and headbutts, as mentioned …International Lethwei Federation ILF & Myanmar Traditional Boxing Federation MTBF Controlling, Developing, and Setting the Standards for the . Martial Art & Sport of Lethwei in the UK Sanctioning. World, Commonwealth, British, and Regional Area Traditional and Modern Rules Burmese Boxing (Lethwei) Championship, and …Apr 8, 2019 · Training Lethwei, The Burmese Art of 9 Limbs. April 8, 2019 By Stephan Kesting. Lethwei is an incredibly intense full contact combat sport from Burma that allows punches, kicks, elbows, knees and headbutts. Did I mention that the fighters don’t wear gloves and only have a thin layer of gauze over their knuckles? Recent News Show More by Burmese Boxing Без рубрики | Edit Upcoming Championship EA 2023 Burmese Boxing (Lethwei) Advantages Primal Combat Mastery Burmese boxing offers a versatile and effective combat system, combining strikes with hands, feet, knees, and elbows for close-quarters combat. Unyielding Conditioning Training in Burmese …Jan 13, 2023 · Lethwei, also known as Burmese boxing, is a martial art that originated in Myanmar (Burma) and has been practiced for over a thousand years. It is similar to Muay Thai in that it also uses strikes with the hands, feet, elbows, and knees, but it also allows for using headbutts, which are not allowed in Muay Thai. Oct 12, 2023 · Unlike in Muay Thai, where fighters wear gloves and other equipment, Lethwei competitors go into the ring with only their bare hands. This lack of protection adds to the raw and authentic nature of the sport, showcasing the true grit and toughness of the fighters. Furthermore, Lethwei does not have a points system for scoring. This is a list of notable athletes and well-known Lethwei practitioners who competed, sorted by area of place of birth. Myanmar. Tun Tun Min; Saw Nga Man; Oct 16, 2023 · In the realm of martial arts, Lethwei stands as one of the most brutal and exhilarating combat sports to have emerged from Myanmar (Burma). Often dubbed as "The Art of Nine Limbs," Lethwei incorporates the use of fists, elbows, knees, and feet, as well as the inclusion of headbutts—making it distinct from …Lethwei (birmanês: လက်ဝှေ့; pronunciado [leʔ w̥ḛ]) ou ainda boxe birmanês ou kickboxing birmanês, é uma arte marcial e esporte de combate desarmada birmanesa. É bastante semelhante ao Muay Thai do país vizinho da Tailândia, sendo permitido socos, chutes, cotoveladas e joelhadas, mas com a particularidade de …Tiger Muay Thai fighter Victor Hugo Nunes put on one amazing fight in his Lethwei(Burmese Bareknuckle Boxing) debut in Yangon, Myanmar last week when he face...WLC - World Lethwei Championship. 387,733 likes · 221 talking about this. World Lethwei Championship, the biggest bareknuckle fighting organisation in the world.The WLF spreads knowledge of the ancient Burmese Martial of Lethwei and sanctioning events worldwide and keeping traditions alive. Originating from Myanmar, South East-Asia, Lethwei …Now, Lethwei has 5 3-minute rounds like Muay Thai. While Muay Thai uses a point system for scoring the fights, Lethwei has their own unique and more “primitive” rule to win. Lethwei fighters have to knockout their opponent or cause them to withdraw from the match due to an injury within the 5 rounds time frame.Tun Tun Min vs Cyrus (USA), 3rd Remarch, Myanmar Lethwei Fight, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. Tun Tun Min, the youngest winner of Lethwei’s coveted Golden Belt, on the other hand isn’t much of a body puncher. On the contrary, he resembles a traditional Thai boxer more than any of the other Lethwei fighters … Dave Leduc (born 13 December 1991) is a Canadian former Lethwei fighter. He is a former six-time Lethwei world champion who held the openweight Lethwei Golden Belt and was undefeated under traditional rules KO to win. [4] Leduc gained widespread notoriety by winning his fight in the controversial Prison Fight. There are a few Lethwei rules that the fighters must follow during a match. Lethwei is the most lenient combat sport regarding rules, but fighters will honor them. Lethwei …Mar 24, 2024 · Lethwei (Burmese: လက်ဝှေ့; IPA: [lɛʔ.ʍḛ]) or Burmese boxing is a full contact combat sport from Myanmar. Lethwei is considered to be one of the most brutal martial arts in the world, because headbutts are permitted and the fights are done bareknuckle (without gloves).[1]Mar 14, 2020 · A post shared by Mitch Chilson (@mitchchilson) on Jun 26, 2017 at 11:02pm PDT. While Muay Thai is known as “the art of eight limbs,” Lethwei is known as “the art of nine limbs.”. It adds one important attack – the headbutt, known as hkaung tike. Lethwei athletes use three main types of headbutts. A headbutt from the clinch is called a ... #LethweivsMuayThai #traininginThailand #bareknuckleboxinghttps://www.instagram.com/daniel_baci_My breakdown of Lethwei (Burmese bare-knuckle boxing) vs. Muay...Nov 22, 2019 · Lethwei Yei again is yet another unique pre-fight ritual dance that is quite different from what is used prior to the start of a bout in neighboring countries. It is unique to Lethwei and again draws from India and possibly other influences. Lethwei Yei is a distinct Burmese display of rapid movements that can also be read by the experienced ...Lethwei is a full-contact martial art from Myanmar that uses headbutts, bare-knuckle and nine limbs. Learn about the history, techniques, rules and famous fighters of this …Sep 17, 2019 · Lethwei at that time was also known as the sport of Kings. During its centuries of conflict up until the 19th century, lethwei was a means of unarmed combat and in leisure times mostly practiced by the military and defenders of the Kingdom. During the British rule from 1824-1948 and World War II, Thaing, and consequently lethwei, suffered near ... Lethwei (birmanês: လက်ဝှေ့; pronunciado [leʔ w̥ḛ]) ou ainda boxe birmanês ou kickboxing birmanês, é uma arte marcial e esporte de combate desarmada birmanesa. É bastante semelhante ao Muay Thai do país vizinho da Tailândia, sendo permitido socos, chutes, cotoveladas e joelhadas, mas com a particularidade de …. Lethwei (birmanês: လက်ဝှေ့; pronunciado [leʔ w̥ḛ]) ou ainda boxe birmanês ou kickboxing birmanês, é uma arte marcial e esporte de combate desarmada birmanesa. É bastante semelhante ao Muay Thai do país vizinho da Tailândia, sendo permitido socos, chutes, cotoveladas e joelhadas, mas com a particularidade de permitir o uso da cabeça para golpear e ao ser lutado sem luvas. This post will help you understand the differences between Muay Thai and Lethwei and determine which one is the best fit for you.Nov 8, 2021 · Lethwei’s trademark is a headbutt, while Thai boxing is mostly recognized in the world of martial arts by stunning knees and elbows from the clinch. In Lethwei, almost every 4th or 5th strike is a headbutt, which is prohibited in Thai boxing. Lethwei fighter is trying to piece his opponent up or cut him open with a …Lethwei practitioners make sure they use the strongest parts of their heads to inflict as much damage as possible while also protecting themselves. Headbutts can turn a …#LethweiTuesday Episode 15!!🔥🔥🔥On this episode Dave Leduc demonstrates how to build :• your fingers• knuckles• and wrists for bareknuckle boxing.Lethwei T...Nov 22, 2019 · Lethwei Yei again is yet another unique pre-fight ritual dance that is quite different from what is used prior to the start of a bout in neighboring countries. It is unique to Lethwei and again draws from India and possibly other influences. Lethwei Yei is a distinct Burmese display of rapid movements that can also be read by the experienced ...Tun Tun Min vs Cyrus (USA), 3rd Remarch, Myanmar Lethwei Fight, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. Tun Tun Min, the youngest winner of Lethwei’s coveted Golden Belt, on the other hand isn’t much of a body puncher. On the contrary, he resembles a traditional Thai boxer more than any of the other Lethwei fighters …Inside a small caged shed next to the hangar, 39-year-old Swedish national Helene Thor prepares for the final fight of the day and her fourth Lethwei bout. [Al Jazeera]Feb 6, 2024 · Lethwei, also known as Burmese Boxing or the ‘Art of 9 Limbs,’ is a form of kickboxing that originates from Myanmar (formerly Burma) in Southeast Asia. This full-contact combat martial art is widely recognized as one of the world’s most brutal fighting disciplines, with a history shrouded in secrecy for over a thousand years ... The British Lethwei Association, or BLA, was formed in January 2019 and is a UK based governing body for the Myanmar (Burmese) Traditional Boxing martial art of Lethwei, (Burmese Bare Knuckle Boxing). Shortly after its formation the association made a special visit to Myanmar to meet with the MTBF for liaison and …Apr 4, 2023 · The first female Lethwei fight in the WLC took place in 2018 with Nou Srey Pov besting Shwe Sin Min. A year later, the promotion made it a priority to create a women’s division. At that time, Souris Manfredi put her foot down in proclaiming herself the best of the best. Here’s a look at the three candidates for Female Fighter of the Year in ... In what ways is Muay Thai superior to Lethwei moveset wise? I recently had the chance to travel to Myanmar where I saw a couple Lethwei fights and I was impressed at the shear brutality of the fights. After some further research I learned that the two martial arts share almost identical move-sets and techniques except for one main thing. Headbutts. Sep 6, 2023 · Ali Qaradaghy is a Kurdish professional martial artist specializing in Muay Thai, Lethwei, Kickboxing- K-1 . 188CM , 75KGLethwei is the national sport of Myanmar and allows the use of fists, knees, elbows, feet, clinches, and headbutts. Learn about its ancient origins, unique fight attire, and …5 days ago · Lethwei is in many ways similar to its siblings from neighboring South-East Asian countries such as Tomoi from Malaysia. Pradal Serey from Cambodia and Muay Thai from Thailand. If Thai Boxing is the science of 8 limbs. then Lethwei can be called the science of 9 limbs. due to the allowance of head butts. In comparison.Sep 26, 2023 · From a glance, the techniques of Lethwei vs Muay Thai are identical. Both practice the same punches, kicks, knees, and elbows. The big difference between the two styles is the headbutts of Lethwei. Muay Thai is the art of eight limbs, while Lethwei is the art of nine. The brutal headbutts in Lethwei are unique to the martial arts. This is a documentary I’ve made about Dave Leduc, a fighter known as the king of Lethwei. A man who was seeking his purpose in Thailand fighting Muay Thai an...#LethweiTuesday Episode 15!!🔥🔥🔥On this episode Dave Leduc demonstrates how to build :• your fingers• knuckles• and wrists for bareknuckle boxing.Lethwei T...Apr 7, 2019 · Tun Tun Min vs Dave Leduc, GTG Myanmar Lethwei Fight 2016, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. The champion, Tun Tun Min, entered the fight with a record of 43 wins, 10 draws, and 1 loss. He became the youngest ever openweight Lethwei champion at the age of 21 and was the heavy favorite …Lethwei (Burmese, pronounced: [le w ]) is an unarmed Burmese martial art. It is similar to related styles of Indochinese kickboxing, namely Muay Thai from Thailand, pradal serey from Cambodia, Muay Lao from Laos and tomoi from Malaysia.Lethwei was based on a combination of boxing arts from India and China.During the age …Lethwei was banned by the British from 1886 until 1948. In spite of this, Lethwei and the other traditional Myanmar fighting arts did not disappear among the Myanmar people. Rather, Lethwei and other Myanmar fighting arts were maintained by concealing them as dances or cultural traditions during festivals, especially in the …2 days ago · While Lethwei is called the “Art of Nine Limbs,” Muay Thai is called the “Art of Eight Limbs” because participants can make use of their hands, elbows, knees, and shins or feet during the fight. The one part of the body they cannot use during combat is their head, which is allowed under Lethwei rules. This is what makes Lethwei such an ...Lethwei’s head-butting, trapping, clinching, and throwing all serve to make Lethwei tremendously effective as a form of personal defense. 4,5,6. The goal in Lethwei is not just about winning but also fighting hard and to learning lessons about personal survival. The facets of Lethwei practice go well beyond sport preparation.Our mission at Lethwei Wear is to honor and support the traditional boxing of Myanmar known as Lethwei. One of the world’s most brutal and effective fighting arts, Lethwei is a unique form of Southeast Asian kickboxing. It is also known as the Art of 9 Limbs due to an extensive range of fighting techniques including bare-fist punching ...May 1, 2023 · The WLF spreads knowledge of the ancient Burmese Martial of Lethwei and sanctioning events worldwide and keeping traditions alive. Originating from Myanmar, South East-Asia, Lethwei is a full contact striking martial art that consist of striking, clinching, and throwing techniques. Lethwei is considered to be …Aug 1, 2019 · Lethwei, Myanmar’s national sport, is one of the most brutal striking styles in the world—allowing bare knuckle punches, elbows, kicks, knees and headbutts.Please contact us if you are interested in hosting Dr. Finley or any of the Lethwei America team listed below for a Lethwei seminar or workshop for 2021. We are currently working towards the first ever U.S. Lethwei seminar tour with the Saya Win Zin Oo of the Thut Ti Lethwei Club in Yangon, Myanmar. Interested individuals …One of Myanmar’s foremost Lethwei Saya (coach/teacher), Win Zin Oo is a highly respected and sought-after mentor and trainer. Well-educated, unassuming and kind-hearted, Saya Win is the founder and senior coach of the KLN Lethwei Club as well as the renowned Thut Ti Lethwei Club of Yangon, Myanmar. 1 Saya Win’s first …Oct 27, 2019 · Lethwei is known as the Art of Nine Limbs, a striking sport that dates back to the Bagan Empire, where it was developed as a weapon of war. In traditional lethwei, there are few rules or ... Lethwei vs Muay Thai. Muay Thai uses the art of 8 limbs which are the elbows, knees, punches and kicks. Lethwei however uses all of them but with an extra limb, the head. Since that it uses an extra limb, this should be an interesting fight. So if we were to put both martial arts into a fight, which martial art do you think will win? Mar 15, 2020 · Sejarah Yang Panjang Dan Kaya. Lethwei berasal dari kebudayaan kuno dimana seni bela diri digunakan untuk melindungi dan mempertahankan perbatasan Myanmar. Laga tradisional Lethwei dilakukan tanpa sistem penilaian, dimana sebuah pertandingan akan terus berlangsung sampai seorang atlet menyerah, terkena KO, atau …Nov 22, 2019 · Lethwei Yei again is yet another unique pre-fight ritual dance that is quite different from what is used prior to the start of a bout in neighboring countries. It is unique to Lethwei and again draws from India and possibly other influences. Lethwei Yei is a distinct Burmese display of rapid movements that can also be read by the experienced ...Taken from JRE MMA Show #81 w/David Leduc: https://youtu.be/O1mo5D3UF7sSep 26, 2023 · From a glance, the techniques of Lethwei vs Muay Thai are identical. Both practice the same punches, kicks, knees, and elbows. The big difference between the two styles is the headbutts of Lethwei. Muay Thai is the art of eight limbs, while Lethwei is the art of nine. The brutal headbutts in Lethwei are unique to the martial arts. Taken from JRE MMA Show #81 w/David Leduc: https://youtu.be/O1mo5D3UF7sNow, Lethwei has 5 3-minute rounds like Muay Thai. While Muay Thai uses a point system for scoring the fights, Lethwei has their own unique and more “primitive” rule to win. Lethwei fighters have to knockout their opponent or cause them to withdraw from the match due to an injury within the 5 rounds time frame.Inside a small caged shed next to the hangar, 39-year-old Swedish national Helene Thor prepares for the final fight of the day and her fourth Lethwei bout. [Al Jazeera]Tun Tun Min vs Cyrus (USA), 3rd Remarch, Myanmar Lethwei Fight, Lekkha Moun, Burmese Boxing. Watch on. Tun Tun Min, the youngest winner of Lethwei’s coveted Golden Belt, on the other hand isn’t much of a body puncher. On the contrary, he resembles a traditional Thai boxer more than any of the other Lethwei fighters …Lethwei (Burmese: လက်ဝှေ့; IPA: [lɛʔ.ʍḛ]), or Burmese boxing, is a full contact combat sport from Myanmar that uses stand-up striking along with various clinching techniques.Lethwei is considered to be one of the most brutal martial arts in the world, because the fights are done bareknuckle, with only the use of tape and …The WLF spreads knowledge of the ancient Burmese Martial of Lethwei and sanctioning events worldwide and keeping traditions alive. Originating from Myanmar, South East-Asia, Lethwei …Bugün sizlere lethwei kralı Dave Leduc nam-ı diğer King Leduc ile bir dövüş teknikleri videosu hazırladık umarım beğenirsiniz.Video faydalı olduysa beğenerek...Compilation of Lethwei Yay & Lekkha Moun by Dave ''The Nomad'' Leducလက္ေဝွ႕ ေရးThe Lethwei Yay is the traditional Lethwei fight dance. It is performed before...Lethwei is a type of Bando which can be seen as a milder system of unarmed combat. Bando's roots precede that of lethwei and was influenced and developed over time …Mar 19, 2024 · Rate the pronunciation difficulty of lethwei. 3 /5. (15 votes) Very easy. Easy. Moderate. Difficult. Very difficult. Pronunciation of lethwei with 5 audio pronunciations. ---1