Blue Cat’s Axiom is a software plugin that simulates guitar and bass amplifiers, as well as provides a variety of effects processing options. It is based on the Destructor plugin, known for its high-quality amp simulations, and offers an extensive range of customizable tones for guitar and bass players.DOWNLOAD. Software guitar amplification. S-Gear is a collection of guitar amps, speaker cabinets and effects implemented in software for use with your computer, Windows PC or MAC. The software comes as a Standalone Application and as plug-ins for use with the most popular DAW (digital audio workstation) recording software.The guitar originated in Spain in the 15th century. It is believed that the Malagan people invented this musical instrument. The first guitar was very small, and constructed with f...Nylon-Guitar-01 (Ethereal E.M).wav. Samples Guitars by Enmanuel Maracara (Ethereal E.M) Date: 2023-06-15 12:44:43 Popularity: 361 0 Rating: 0: Ukulele C.wav. Samples Guitars by Surreal Music (SurrealMusic) Date: 2022-08-14 02:41:48 Popularity: 1892 0 …Step 1: Connect Audio Interface or Microphone. You can record guitar in Ableton Live 10 using an audio interface or a USB microphone. I don’t recommend trying to use your computer’s line in or microphone jacks. If you don’t have a microphone or audio interface, learn about the different recording options in this guide.Listed below are our Top 10 Best Free Guitar VST Instruments and Plugins for 2023: 1. Ample Guitar M Lite II. Ample Sound’s Ample Guitar M Lite II is a realistic acoustic guitar digital instrument that makes use of samples from the honored Martin D-41, one of many American guitar makers’ most legendary designs.PLUGINS 4 FREE - Free Audio Plug-ins and Archives. Le456 is a free Guitar preamp simulator plugin developed by LePou. Instruments Effects MIDI Hosts What's new Le456 by LePou. 4.3 / 5 (52 votes) Show more No website. Win32 Win64 OSX VST AU Le456 is …Feb 5, 2022 ... Acoustic guitars make their sound from the energy put into the strings by the guitarist. The guitar bridge, resonant body and top plate make the ...TPA-1. Here’s a cool free guitar VST you’ll probably want to add to your library, even if you aren’t much for metal. The TPA-1 emulates a class AB tube power amplifier and is meant to be used with a preamp.Don’t despair. We can come to the rescue with our list of the best free and paid guitar strumming VST plugins. On our list you will find many VST plugin options for your DAW. We have taken the time and effort to locate the best plugins and include them on a convenient list. Just look at our recommendations, choose your guitar strumming …A classical acoustic guitar has six strings. There are variations in guitar configurations for creating different sounds, including the electric four-string bass guitar and the 12-...Heavyocity Media announces the release of FOUNDATIONS | Nylon Guitar, the third installment in Heavyocity’s all-new line of free virtual instruments. FOUNDATIONS | Nylon Guitar is a modern introduction to the vibrant, classical guitar. Combining the lush, soft dynamics of a nylon-stringed acoustic guitar, a meticulously-crafted sound design ...Finally got together to make a video on Free Guitar Plugins for Metal. See links below to download what I’m using in this video: ML Sound Labs Free Plugins: https://ml-sound-lab.com. Ignite Emissary and NadIR plugins: STL Ignite – Emissary Plug-In Bundle. Free Impulse response used in video:Best Guitar VST Plugins. I have included guitar plugins that work for Windows and Mac. Ample Bass P Lite II. Ample Guitar M Lite II. Classic GTR Lite. Shreddage 3. Labs Peel Guitar. Vinyl Guitar. Guitar Harmonics.2. Haunted Guitar – Electric Guitar VST with 8 Presets. Haunted Guitar – Electric Guitar VST with 8 Presets. When it comes to powerful Electric Guitar sound such as Fender Stratocaster. This Haunted Guitar which is indeed an electric guitar VST plugin comes with free 8 Presets. Support Windows 32 & 64 Bit, macOS.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.5) Pettinhouse Free Guitars. Pettinhouse has the best free virtual free guitar Vst to choose from. Their funk, acoustic and warm jazz plugins bring a crazy and unique guitar flavor to each song. In my opinion, warm jazz is the most memorable. It’s got a clean, soft electric tone that other libraries are missing.The R47 is an emulation of the classic RAT distortion pedal, loved and leveraged by the likes of Foo Fighters, Nirvana, Blur, Extreme, Metallica and many others. The R47 will instantly add an edge to your tone, making it great for leads. Play with the Filter knob to dial in other highly usable tones.Basic Classic Guitar Simulation (Retro sound). Classic.Gtr Lite is a free multi-sampled classical guitar plugin for Windows and Mac available in VST/VST3/AU …Jan 22, 2024 · Though acoustic guitars can provide an interesting instrumentation layer in your composition, this is mostly targeted towards electric guitar VSTi s. In conjunction with a nice reverb, saturation or some analog-modelled EQ effects, this software can be a soldier for any number of varying composition styles. Shop Music Software at Sweetwater. Sweetwater employees are musicians and audio engineers who put the latest music software to the test on a daily basis in home and commercial studios. Our world-class on-site recording studio runs DAW sessions packed with dozens " or even hundreds " of plug-ins. In addition, we have prepared plugins that will help you get the guitar tone you need. So scroll down and choose what you need. Related Readings: Top 9 Mandoline Plugins & Libraries (Paid & FREE) Top 10 Double Bass Plugins (Best Upright Basses) Top 6 Electric Guitar VST Plugins (Best PAID & FREE Picks) 20 Best Plugins For Rock Musicians (+ …Jan 12, 2021 · The plugin covers nine instruments, including three electric guitars (clean, chorus, blues), nylon, steel, mandolin, two jazz guitars (plectrum and finger), and banjo. And it has every instrument packed with up to 6700 samples and each preset featuring up to 49 articulations. That’s not all. The difference between an amp simulator and a virtual guitar lies in the type of VST they are — guitar VSTis are virtual instruments used for generating sound based on MIDI data provided by your DAW’s software which can be drawn manually, or played with a compatible MIDI keyboard.. By contrast, amp VSTfxs are employed to alter sound and …Classic.Gtr Lite is a free multi-sampled plugin for classical guitar enthusiasts. It sports a spic and span graphical user interface that can be used to emulate rich, textured and bright guitar tones of the 1960s classic guitar era and the jangly guitars of late 80’s madchester music scene.. If you are looking for a decent acoustic guitar VST for FL Studio, Classic … A guitar amp VST (Virtual Studio Technology) is a software plugin designed to simulate the sound and characteristics of real guitar amplifiers. It emulates the various components of a physical guitar amplifier, including preamp, power amp, speaker cabinet, and effects, to replicate the distinctive tones associated with different amplifier models. 7 guitar and bass amps, optimized for perfect tone; Kickstart your creativity with 400+ presets by top artists; Amps cover full sonic spectrum: clean to crunchy, jangly to high-gain aggressive; Match amp performance to your own guitar and pickups, with the Focus control; Choose from a variety of cabs and cab tones, plus tailor-made IRs 4) CLBASS F and ClBASS FD. A re-voiced bass emulation of classic Guitar amp sims Classic F and Classic FB, CLBASS F and FD bass guitar vst plugins offer a plethora of rich bass tones with immense potential for tweakage. What’s more, both these free bass amps come with tons of inbuilt effects, on-board EQ that can all be accessed from the GUI.The late 2010s brought an era of the software guitar amp plugins – both custom designed or based on famous industry models. Many music producers, guitar players, and bands use amp emulators for recording a demo, re-amp references, or even the actual albums. The advance of technology is making the production process much easier and affordable ...DOWNLOAD. Software guitar amplification. S-Gear is a collection of guitar amps, speaker cabinets and effects implemented in software for use with your computer, Windows PC or MAC. The software comes as a Standalone Application and as plug-ins for use with the most popular DAW (digital audio workstation) recording software.A classical acoustic guitar has six strings. There are variations in guitar configurations for creating different sounds, including the electric four-string bass guitar and the 12-...FAST Bundle. FAST plugins are carefully crafted, accessible tools powered by AI technology that are designed to keep you in the creative flow and get polished results easily. Featuring intuitive controls that adapt to your needs and source-specific flavours to add mood to your sound, the FAST plugins are simple enough for beginners and flexible ... 7 guitar and bass amps, optimized for perfect tone; Kickstart your creativity with 400+ presets by top artists; Amps cover full sonic spectrum: clean to crunchy, jangly to high-gain aggressive; Match amp performance to your own guitar and pickups, with the Focus control; Choose from a variety of cabs and cab tones, plus tailor-made IRs Dec 19, 2012 ... The two AT2020 are panned hard R and L. The SM57 tracks are panned 70 degrees R and L, respectively. This essentially puts the bassier SM57 ...May 25, 2022 · 🎸 Learn more about my favorite Guitar VSTs 🎸🆓 FREE Peel Guitar @spitfireaudiollp : https://labs.spitfireaudio.com/peel-guitar🕹 Try Arcade by @Outputsound... Compatibility: The plugin is available for Windows 7 or higher and macOS 10.10 or higher, both 64-bit only.It comes in VST/3, AU, AAX formats, and as a standalone host.. Summary: EZbass is a bass guitar virtual instrument plugin designed to produce a more realistic sound of a bass.Learning to play the guitar can be a daunting task, especially if you’re just starting out. But with the right resources, you can learn how to play the guitar for free online. Here...Main Features. Free guitar amp simulation plug-in. 3 amp models inspired by legendary amplifiers: "classic clean", "classic drive" and "modern drive". Simulations based on the Destructor dynamic distortion and amp modeling engine. Load you own cabinet or reverb impulse responses to add color to the amp simulation. No latency.Free Guitar VST Plugins. The free guitar plugins below give you a massive range of high-quality amp and effects models. While some of the best guitar … 7 guitar and bass amps, optimized for perfect tone; Kickstart your creativity with 400+ presets by top artists; Amps cover full sonic spectrum: clean to crunchy, jangly to high-gain aggressive; Match amp performance to your own guitar and pickups, with the Focus control; Choose from a variety of cabs and cab tones, plus tailor-made IRs Two of the angriest sounding German high gain tube amps. Learn more. FREE TRIAL. BUY LICENSE. ML Sound Lab's Amped Guitar Plugins deliver extremely authentic tube amp sounds to every guitarist from professionals and hobbyists. Try them for free and get a …Best Guitar VST Plugins. I have included guitar plugins that work for Windows and Mac. Ample Bass P Lite II. Ample Guitar M Lite II. Classic GTR Lite. Shreddage 3. Labs Peel Guitar. Vinyl Guitar. Guitar Harmonics.Oct 11, 2022 ... do you find amp/pedal plugins good enough? or that recording from a real amp is still the way to go? whether it's using a microphone, or amp ...The 6 Best Free Acoustic Guitar Plugins 2024 1. Ample Guitar M Lite II. More Info & Download. Ample Sound makes a bold move by delivering a free plugin with virtually no compromises. It is the Ample Guitar M Lite II plugin. This plugin from the Chinese company Ample Sound is based on the Martin D-41 acoustic guitar, known for its rich …Are you an avid streamer looking to take your streaming experience to the next level? Look no further than OBSProject.com. OBSProject.com is the official website for Open Broadcast...Being creative online, you can find a wealth of free guitar sheet music for your own style and musical tastes. Playing the guitar is a great hobby and being able to start a collect...Jan 22, 2024 · Though acoustic guitars can provide an interesting instrumentation layer in your composition, this is mostly targeted towards electric guitar VSTi s. In conjunction with a nice reverb, saturation or some analog-modelled EQ effects, this software can be a soldier for any number of varying composition styles. Mar 29, 2022 ... Here are some Guitar Plug-Ins or VSTs that I would recommend if you want a realistic virtual electric or acoustic guitar sound for your .... To save your time, i have searched and compiled together 15 Guitar Plugins that are completely FREE ! . Do let me know your favourite Plugin.1. Clon Minotaur Transparent Overdrive by Nembrini AudioClon Minotaur Transparent Overdrive is modelled on The Klon Centaur* a guitar overdrive pedal developed between 1990 and 1994. The …STL Tonality is an all-in-one Guitar Plug-In Suite developed exclusively from Andy James’s Signature Guitar sounds.Using the most advanced modelling algorithms, users can experience real-time simulations of Andy James’s actual go-to amps. Our software uses internal circuit simulations from the schematic’s of the specific amplifier’s ...Read our guide on choosing headphones or studio monitors for guitar and bass plugins. Step 3 - Connecting the guitar or bass to the audio interface. After successfully connecting the audio interface to your computer and headphones or monitors to your audio interface, the next step is to connect your guitar or bass.In this article we’re going to cover 20 of the best free guitar amp simulators available in 2022. Here’s the complete list of the best free standalone guitar amp simulators updated for 2022: IGNITE AMPS Emissary. LePou – HyBrit. Guitar Rig 6 Player. AmpLion.Find out the top 10 free plugins for guitarists, including amp, pedal and production tools. Learn how to use them to craft and hone your tone at no cost at all.Learn the basics of guitar plugins, how they work, and what components they have. Discover how to use Neural DSP's Tone King Imperial MKII plugin to simulate any guitar …Finally got together to make a video on Free Guitar Plugins for Metal. See links below to download what I’m using in this video: ML Sound Labs Free Plugins: https://ml-sound-lab.com. Ignite Emissary and NadIR plugins: STL Ignite – Emissary Plug-In Bundle. Free Impulse response used in video:The ultimate and NOW FREE guitar tone and effects software from Atomic Amplifiers! Download Tonocracy. Tonocracy Combines. Atomic’s all-new, cutting edge SchemAccurate amp simulation, our proprietary ToneSnap gear snapshot technology, and a suite of rapidly growing world-class effects into a single easy-to-use plugin and standalone app. …Learning to play the guitar can be a daunting task, especially if you’re just starting out. But with the right resources, you can learn how to play the guitar for free online. Here...Finally got together to make a video on Free Guitar Plugins for Metal. See links below to download what I’m using in this video: ML Sound Labs Free Plugins: https://ml-sound-lab.com. Ignite Emissary and NadIR plugins: STL Ignite – Emissary Plug-In Bundle. Free Impulse response used in video:Programs such as AmpliTube, Guitar Rig, BIAS FX, or Line 6’s Helix Native all allow you to use your computer as a guitar amp. The basic idea is that these programs or plugins do everything a guitar does in a digital manner. Learn everything you need to know about plugins as well as the best plugins for guitar in, my Ultimate Guide to …Jun 24, 2020 ... The 5 best FREE guitar and bass VST plugins 2020 · Ample Guitar M Lite II · Ample Bass P Lite II · AmpliTube Custom Shop · BJAM. Blue&n...Main Features. Free guitar amp simulation plug-in. 3 amp models inspired by legendary amplifiers: "classic clean", "classic drive" and "modern drive". Simulations based on the Destructor dynamic distortion and amp modeling engine. Load you own cabinet or reverb impulse responses to add color to the amp simulation. No latency. 5) DSK Dynamic Guitars. Rounding up our list of the free guitar VST for FL Studio is DSK dynamic guitars. DSK have been known to create free worthwhile VST plugins that pack in some serious firepower. DSK Dynamic Guitars doesn’t disappoint one bit either as it comes loaded with three sampled guitar sounds namely Steel, Acoustic and Nylon. When it comes to producing music, having access to a wide range of high-quality instruments is crucial. However, purchasing premium virtual instruments can be expensive, especially...Jan 4, 2024 · If you need a reliable plugin for scoring bass guitar EZbass is ideal, for sound designers and composers alike. See On Amazon. Toontrack. EZbass. See On Amazon. These are some of the best bass VST plugins if you are on a tight budget and need something simple but powerful. 2. Voxengo OldSkoolVerb. OldSkoolVerb is a great free algorithmic reverberation VST plugin for creating professional reverb effects. Don’t be fooled by the “old-school” design, this plugin is still a fantastic choice in 2022. OldSkoolVerb implements a “classic” stereo reverb algorithm that produces a very clear, spatial sound that ...Excel is a powerful tool that has become an indispensable part of many businesses and individual users’ daily workflows. Excel plugins are add-ons or extensions that provide additi...Effects, Tools, and Other Awesome Plugins for GarageBand Guitarists · Komplete 13 from Native Instruments (Komplete Start is Free) · Blue Cat Audio's Hot Tuna –&n...Win32 Win64. VST. Lethality is an electric guitar featuring many playing options. The Lethality VST contains all important articulations and effects to cover the span of alternative and rock genres, and some of them are triggered by standard MIDI note input and mod-wheel. These articulations and effects include: Save $50. JST Heat - Analog Modeled Multi-band Saturation Plugin. Regular price$199.00Sale price$149.00. Save $20. JST Melodic Spark - Music Creation Sample Pack. Regular price$69.00Sale price$49.00. Save $40. Howard Benson Vocal Multiplier - Voice Generation Software. Regular price$99.00Sale price$59.00. Free Guitar VST Plugins. The free guitar plugins below give you a massive range of high-quality amp and effects models. While some of the best guitar …4) CLBASS F and ClBASS FD. A re-voiced bass emulation of classic Guitar amp sims Classic F and Classic FB, CLBASS F and FD bass guitar vst plugins offer a plethora of rich bass tones with immense potential for tweakage. What’s more, both these free bass amps come with tons of inbuilt effects, on-board EQ that can all be accessed from the GUI.Josh Middleton is a UK-based guitarist and producer. Most well-known for playing guitar in Architects, and Sylosis. Tonality is an all-in-one Guitar Plug-in Suite developed …Sep 12, 2023 · Impact Shreddage 3. Vir2 Electri6ity. Vir2 Acou6tics. Toneforge by JST. In this article, we’ll review each one of the guitar VST plugins to help determine which is the best for you. I have also included clips with sound samples so you can get an idea of the quality and realism of the guitar tones. The electric guitar is a practical necessity in a variety of genres, especially heavier ones. Some of the best plugins on this list probably are the ones that emulate electric guitar, … Waves Creative Access Start Free. Specials Plugins Bundles Online Mastering StudioVerse Mixers & Racks Hardware Courses System Builder. 0. With 25 guitar amps, 7 bass amps, 29 cabs and 26 stomp effects, Waves GTR3 delivers the modeled amp sounds of Fender®, Marshall®, Mesa/Boogie®, Vox®, and more. Waves Creative Access Start Free. Specials Plugins Bundles Online Mastering StudioVerse Mixers & Racks Hardware Courses System Builder. 0. Inspired by legendary amplifiers from Fender® Marshall®, Mesa/Boogie®, Vox® and others, GTR3 brings you the very best vintage and contemporary amps – in the box!Guitar Plugins. Get the exact guitar tones you need in your mixes and productions: from plugins especially suited for mixing acoustic guitars, to amp simulation plugins that will …Mar 5, 2020 · Best Guitar VST Plugins. I have included guitar plugins that work for Windows and Mac. Ample Bass P Lite II. Ample Guitar M Lite II. Classic GTR Lite. Shreddage 3. Labs Peel Guitar. Vinyl Guitar. Guitar Harmonics. Each of the 10 guitar plugins listed below offer unique features, a wealth of options, and—maybe most importantly—less chiro visits. Neural DSP Archetype: Petrucci As one of the company’s most comprehensive plugins, it features four amplifiers, a pre-effects section with a wah, compressor, and four stompboxes, and a post-effects section ...Josh Middleton is a UK-based guitarist and producer. Most well-known for playing guitar in Architects, and Sylosis. Tonality is an all-in-one Guitar Plug-in Suite developed …Jan 4, 2024 · If you need a reliable plugin for scoring bass guitar EZbass is ideal, for sound designers and composers alike. See On Amazon. Toontrack. EZbass. See On Amazon. These are some of the best bass VST plugins if you are on a tight budget and need something simple but powerful. Apr 21, 2022 ... Enter the Pi-Stomp. This is a fully featured DIY guitar stomp-box with an LCD screen and multi-knob interface, which costs just over $200 with ...Microsoft Excel is a powerful tool that many professionals rely on for data analysis, financial modeling, and project management. While the basic features of Excel are already impr...Excel is a powerful tool that has become an indispensable part of many businesses and individual users’ daily workflows. Excel plugins are add-ons or extensions that provide additi...1. IK Multimedia – Amplitube MAX Bundle. IK Multimedia is known as one of the top VST plugins and instruments manufacturer. IK Multimedia is the owner of award-winning mastering plugin T-Racks. However, there are other mastering plugins like Fabfilter and iZotope Ozone available in the market.The AIR Hype Plugin Instrument for MPC is an advanced sound library with a large offering of inspiring sound instruments and effects. These breath-taking sounds will quickly spark any producer's creativity and make music production a fluid, uninhibited process. AIR Hype delivers hundreds of emotive sounds and presets while its intuitive layout ...I suppose the argument could be made that Waves’ CLA Guitars is more of an instant gratification guitar button than strictly an amp sim. For that very reason, though, there are bound to be those who would gravitate toward it. As with many Waves plugins, CLA Guitars was created in collaboration with Grammy award winning mixing engineer Chris …DOWNLOAD. Software guitar amplification. S-Gear is a collection of guitar amps, speaker cabinets and effects implemented in software for use with your computer, Windows PC or MAC. The software comes as a Standalone Application and as plug-ins for use with the most popular DAW (digital audio workstation) recording software.33 Best Free Guitar VST Plugins 2024 – Essential For Any Producer. There are so many ways to record guitar these days. You can go “old school” and mic up an amp (or even multiple amps). You can take a line out of an amp. You can record directly through a DI or multi-effects processor. You can record a guitar direct, and “re-amp” it ...Jan 12, 2021 · The plugin covers nine instruments, including three electric guitars (clean, chorus, blues), nylon, steel, mandolin, two jazz guitars (plectrum and finger), and banjo. And it has every instrument packed with up to 6700 samples and each preset featuring up to 49 articulations. That’s not all. May 23, 2021 ... 31 is free, though acoustic but very good. With some free effects, you may get a satisfactory sound (https://bedroomproducersblog.com/2012/0 ...Nov 9, 2022 ... Join the membership with a 70% lifetime discount = $15/mo. and get 10 free mastered songs per month, unlimited mixing feedback, ...If you are a photographer or an enthusiast who uses Lightroom as your primary photo editing software, you know that it is a powerful tool on its own. Nik Collection by DxO is a pop...Nov 9, 2021 · TPA-1. Here’s a cool free guitar VST you’ll probably want to add to your library, even if you aren’t much for metal. The TPA-1 emulates a class AB tube power amplifier and is meant to be used with a preamp. I suppose the argument could be made that Waves’ CLA Guitars is more of an instant gratification guitar button than strictly an amp sim. For that very reason, though, there are bound to be those who would gravitate toward it. As with many Waves plugins, CLA Guitars was created in collaboration with Grammy award winning mixing engineer Chris …Extra plug-ins for Sibelius. To download new plug-ins, click on the name of a category in the list on the right, then click on the name of the plug-in for more details, or click one of the plug-ins in the lists below right. Some of the plug-ins on this page are included in Sibelius 8. If you haven't yet upgraded to Sibelius 8, order your ...Guitar Rig 7 Player is a free guitar amp VST plugin like no other and comes with a selection of amps, cabs, delays, reverbs, stompboxes, and compressors. Vinyl Get the dust, scratches, warp, and mechanical noise of vinyl records with this popular lofi VST plugin.The legendary BIAS FX 2 Elite comes with a completely re-engineered DSP engine, Guitar Match, new amps, pedals, and racks, as well as advanced modelers (like fuzz, time, and harmonizer modelers).. BIAS FX comes with loads of analog like pedal effects out of the box, but you can expand your options by downloading from ToneCloud, Positive Grid’s …If you’re an avid Minecraft player, you may have considered creating your own server to play with friends or even host a community. Setting up a free Minecraft server can be an exc...1. Ample Bass P Lite II. The first free bass plugin is Ample Guitar’s “Ample Bass P Lite II”. Given it’s insane sound quality and on-board features, it would be a crime to not have this plugin at number 1. This free bass VST is meticulously sampled from a Fender Precision bass guitar, and it captures the natural tone of the instrument ...The ultimate and NOW FREE guitar tone and effects software from Atomic Amplifiers! Download Tonocracy. Tonocracy Combines. Atomic’s all-new, cutting edge SchemAccurate amp simulation, our proprietary ToneSnap gear snapshot technology, and a suite of rapidly growing world-class effects into a single easy-to-use plugin and standalone app. … 4. UJAM Virtual Guitarist IRON 2. 5. MusicLab RealStrat 5. 6. Ujam SPARKLE 2. When selecting an electric guitar plugin, you have to know how you intend to use it. Some plugins are excellent for playing rhythms, thanks to their pre-recorded loops and phrases. 1. IK Multimedia – Amplitube MAX Bundle. IK Multimedia is known as one of the top VST plugins and instruments manufacturer. IK Multimedia is the owner of award-winning mastering plugin T-Racks. However, there are other mastering plugins like Fabfilter and iZotope Ozone available in the market. ---1