Cheddar cheese sauce

Cheddar cheese sauce

First, you’ll want to prepare your ingredients – mainly shredding the cheddar and measuring everything out. Then, place all of the ingredients in a small pot on the stove and set it to low heat. Once you’ve done that, make sure to continually stir the sauce until the ingredients are well incorporated.Apr 3, 2018 · Instructions. Add the cheese and corn starch to a bowl and toss to combine. Place the cheese mixture and evaporated milk in a sauce pan over low heat. Cook, stirring occasionally, until cheese has melted and sauce is smooth and thick. Add additional evaporated milk if needed to thin the sauce. Sep 14, 2020 ... Ingredients · 7 ounces Black Creek Sharp Cheddar aged 9 months, shredded · 2 tablespoons butter · 1 1/2 tablespoons flour · 1 cup milk&...Mar 29, 2019 · To make a cheese sauce: Cook flour and seasonings with butter to remove any floury flavor. Slowly add in some milk to the roux and whisk constantly (it will be super thick). Keep adding a little at a time until it smooths out. Whisk until it reaches a boil and let bubble 1 minute. Remove from heat and add cheese. Jul 7, 2022 ... Pick up some butter, all-purpose flour, milk, Dijon mustard, a garlic clove, shredded cheddar cheese, and shredded Parmesan cheese. You can also ...PASTA: Bring a large pot of water to boil. When boiling, salt the water generously. Add pasta and boil according to package directions, adding the broccoli to the water during the last 1 minute of cooking. Reserve 1 cup of pasta water before draining. Drain the broccoli/pasta and set aside for now.May 24, 2022 · Add 2 cups cream and stir it together. After about 30 seconds, when the cream is warm but not starting to bubble, remove from heat. Set aside and let steep for 30 minutes. Chop 2 cups of American cheese while you wait. (2 cups is 8 ounces.) Shred 2 cups of cheddar cheese. Set aside. How to make cheddar cheese sauce. Step 1: Grate the cheddar cheese fresh from a block. Step 2: Add the grated cheddar cheese, milk, cornstarch, garlic powder, pepper, and paprika to a …Let it cook for a minute or two. Add milk, garlic powder and pepper. Cook until thickened stirring often, about 10 minutes until it coats the back of a spoon. Turn off the heat and whisk in your cheese until well combined and serve immediately over the broccoli or the vegetable of your choice.The most heavily affected items were white cheddar cheese products, with 2,633 cases being recalled. These had best-by dates of between March and June 2024. …Pop in the butter and let it melt. 2. Create the roux. Add flour to the melted butter, stirring continuously. This combo will thicken up, creating a roux. It’s the thickening agent for the sauce. 3. Pour in the evaporated milk. Dial down the heat to low, and slowly add the evaporated milk.Add the cashew mixture to the pot with the water/agar agar. Bring to a boil and whisk constantly for 1-2 minutes until it thickens. Pour into lightly oiled ramekins. Refrigerate for 2-3 hours or until firm. Once refrigerated and firm, turn upside down over a plate to pop the cheese out of the dish.Sep 5, 2019 · To make this ricotta cheddar cheese sauce with heavy cream, first gather all of your ingredients in one place. Then in a saucepot combine the heavy cream and butter. Make sure you set the heavy cream and butter over medium heat and let this melt. Once the butter is melted stir in the ricotta cheese, garlic powder, and salt and pepper to taste. Apr 2, 2018 · Instructions. Melt butter in a saucepan over medium-low heat. Keeping butter on heat, add flour and whisk well for 1-2 minutes until mixture begins to thicken- this can happen quick so do not walk off from stove. Stir in remaining seasonings – salt, garlic powder, paprika, and pepper. Instructions. In a small saucepan melt a tablespoon of butter over medium heat. Add a tablespoon of flour to the melted butter and stir. Get all the flour clumps out, and then add three-quarters of a cup whole milk. Mix the milk in with the butter and flour, and then add a tablespoon of Traeger rub.THE REST · 1 cup water · 1/4 cup tapioca starch · 3 Tbsp nutritional yeast · 1 ½ tsp apple cider vinegar · 1/2 tsp sea salt · 1/2 tsp garl...In a large bowl, combine the beef, eggs, garlic powder, Worcestershire, mustard powder, salt, and pepper. Mix well, until evenly combined. Divide the meat into six equal parts and form it into patties, about ⅓ inch thick. Preheat the grill on high. Season the patties with salt and pepper and place on the grill. Cheddar sauce, cheddar cheese sauce, or cheese sauce is a traditional sauce used in English cooking. The sauce is based upon white sauce, which is known as one of the 'mother sauces', and cheddar cheese. It could be seen as an English equivalent of the French Mornay sauce [1] (itself a variant of Béchamel sauce traditionally mixed with half ... Melt butter in a large microwave safe bowl. (1000 watt microwave) To the bowl add milk, cheddar cheese and Parmesan cheese. Stir well, cover with doubled paper towels then return to the microwave. Heat on full power for 2 minutes. In a small bowl dissolve the cornstarch in just enough cold milk to make a slurry to thicken the sauce.Instructions. Grate Gruyère, cheddar, and fontina into a large mixing bowl. Add cornstarch and toss to coat. Transfer cheese mixture to a medium saucepot, add evaporated milk, and stir to combine. Cook over low heat, whisking constantly, until melted and beginning to bubble, about 5 minutes.Dec 6, 2018 ... Feel free to swap the Gruyere for extra cheddar or another cheese such as pepperjack, Parmesan, or gouda. To reheat, add a splash of cream and ...If you’re a fan of Italian cuisine, then you know that nothing beats a delicious, homemade lasagna. With layers of pasta, meat, cheese, and sauce all baked to perfection, it’s no w...A long list of cheeses fall under the category of unprocessed or “all-natural,” including Havarti, Swiss, Colby, Gruyere, Manchego and most Cheddars. As an example, a log of goat c...Oct 20, 2022 ... Make sure you select extra sharp cheddar when making your cheese sauce. Mild cheeses just don't have enough flavor. Also, the additional milk ... Melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat. Add flour then whisk for one minute. Slowly whisk in milk then season with salt and pepper and switch to a wooden spoon. Stir and cook until thickened, 4-5 minutes, then turn off heat and add cheese. Stir until sauce is melted and smooth then taste and add additional salt and pepper if necessary. Dec 6, 2022 · This cheese cheddar sauce used to be in a jar, like the others in the brand’s lineup, but the company that manufactures it recently changed it up and now uses boxed packaging. There is a demand, however, for the brand to bring back the jarred version of this cheesy sauce. In a medium saucepan, melt the butter over medium low to medium heat, then sprinkle flour over the top. Whisk until smooth then continue simmering 1 minute. Pour in the milk and …This cheddar cheese sauce takes just 5 minutes to make and will liven up everything from steamed broccoli and cauliflower, to hot baked potatoes. In addition to vegetables it’s also great to stir into pasta and rice, or even …Instructions. In a saucepan, melt butter over medium high heat. Add flour and stir with a whisk. Dump milk into pan and continue to cook and whisk until mixture thickens. Dump in shredded cheese and mix until all cheese is melted and incorporated. Add a pinch of salt to taste. Serve warm with sliced baguettes, crackers, or pretzel bread bites.Feb 24, 2019 ... This ultra creamy sauce is made from lager beer, milk, cheddar cheese and spices and is perfect for dipping or topping your favorite foods!Instructions. Add cream, cream cheese, butter, and salt to medium saucepan. Cook over medium heat until butter and cream cheese have melted. Remove saucepan from heat. Gradually whisk in cheddar, stirring until cheese is melted and mixture is smooth and creamy.Look no further! This delicious cheddar cheese sauce is the perfect combination of creamy, tangy, and savory flavors that will leave you craving for more. Plus, it’s super …Sep 22, 2020 · Place a medium saucepan over medium-low heat. Add the butter and let it melt completely. Immediately add the flour and whisk rapidly to form a bubbly paste, less than 1 minute. Add the milk 1/3 cup at a time, whisking continuously until the sauce starts thickening before adding the next batch. To make this ricotta cheddar cheese sauce with heavy cream, first gather all of your ingredients in one place. Then in a saucepot combine the heavy cream and butter. Make sure you set the heavy cream and butter over medium heat and let this melt. Once the butter is melted stir in the ricotta cheese, garlic …Sep 14, 2020 ... Ingredients · 7 ounces Black Creek Sharp Cheddar aged 9 months, shredded · 2 tablespoons butter · 1 1/2 tablespoons flour · 1 cup milk&...Jul 7, 2022 ... Pick up some butter, all-purpose flour, milk, Dijon mustard, a garlic clove, shredded cheddar cheese, and shredded Parmesan cheese. You can also ...Instructions. In a small mixing bowl, add the ketchup, brown sugar, vinegar, Worcestershire, garlic powder, and onion powder and whisk to combine, before setting it aside. Over medium heat, in a small saucepan, melt the butter. Once the butter has melted, stir in the flour and cook for 1 minute, continuing to stir.In a heavy bottom pan, melt butter and add in all purpose flour, dry mustard, salt and pepper. Whisk to combine. Cook for 3 minutes and whisk in milk and continue cooking about 5 minutes over medium heat until thickened. Remove from heat and stir in cheese until completely melted.3. Start with a roux and make a bechamel sauce. We recommend starting with a classic roux if making a sauce, like our Cheddar Cheese Sauce – a roux is a mixture of flour & fats used to thicken sauces and enhance flavor and texture.Using a non-stick sauce pan or skillet, such as ceramic or porcelain-enameled, will be a …Instructions. Add the butter to a small saucepan over medium heat and melt. Whisk in the flour to form a paste and cook for 1-2 minutes, stirring often to avoid burning. Add ½ cup of milk to the flour mixture and whisk constantly until the mixture has thickened up to the consistency of a gravy. In doing so, they loosen these proteins and make them water soluble. In combination with heating and stirring, these melting salts improve the emulsifying ability of the proteins in the cheese. They also tend to shift the pH upward, which improves the texture and stability of molten cheese. Overly acidic melted cheese is unstable, with an ... 8. Repeat the microwaving and stirring until the sauce blends and thickens. Microwave the sauce for about two minutes at a time, stirring in between. It will take about 2-4 two-minute cycles, depending on your microwave and quantities. If the sauce seems too thick, add more milk and microwave for 20–45 seconds, …Ingredients · 200 gram American cheddar cheese · 2 tbsp butter · 2 tbsp wheat flour · 2,5 dl milk · 1 tsp salt · 1 tsp cayenne pepper &mid... Melt the butter in a medium saucepot over medium heat. Stir in the flour and cook, stirring often, until a thick paste forms and turns golden brown. Stir in the taco seasoning and cook 30 seconds ... To make the sauce, in a large saucepan over medium, whisk together 11⁄4 cups whole milk and 10 grams sodium citrate (about 11⁄2 teaspoons) and bring to a simmer. Reduce the heat to low and slowly whisk in 4 cups grated cheese until smooth. Taste and season with kosher salt and ground black pepper.Instructions. In a small saucepan melt the butter over medium heat until melted. Sprinkle in the flour and mix well until it bubbles and forms a smooth paste, about 1-2 minutes. Slowly add in a little bit of the milk and whisk until no lumps are present.Make according to the recipe, then transfer into a greased 9x13" baking dish. In a small bowl, toss some panko breadcrumbs with melted butter and salt, then sprinkle on top of the mac and cheese. Add more cheese if desired. Bake at 350ºF for 20-30 minutes until golden.Similar to Mornay or mac and cheese sauce, the cheddar sauce follows the same basic recipe as the béchamel. So, it only stands to reason that your Cheddar sauce is completely safe to freeze. After all, it has the same level of moisture and fat content provided by the roux and milk. The cheese itself is a hard cheese with significant …Apr 3, 2018 · Instructions. Add the cheese and corn starch to a bowl and toss to combine. Place the cheese mixture and evaporated milk in a sauce pan over low heat. Cook, stirring occasionally, until cheese has melted and sauce is smooth and thick. Add additional evaporated milk if needed to thin the sauce. In a medium saucepan, melt butter over medium heat. Stir in flour, salt, and pepper until smooth. Add milk and whisk until mixture comes to a boil, stirring constantly. Reduce heat to low and add cheddar cheese, whisking until cheese is melted. Serve immediately with chips or crackers.Place roast beef slices in a heatproof dish, cover with aluminum foil, set on the bottom rack, and cook until warmed through, about 5 to 10 minutes. Meanwhile, wrap buns in aluminum foil, set on top rack, and cook until warmed, about 5 minutes. For the Horseradish Sauce: Add sour cream, horseradish, …. The microwave is an option for making easy, creamy cheese sauce. Use the same quantities as you would for stove top melted cheese and heat the sauce in stages. Start by placing the butter, flour and milk into a glass bowl and microwave on high until the butter has melted. Add the cheese, whisk and cook for another 15 seconds.How to Make a Cheese Sauce. Here’s where it gets good! Really good! To make a cheese sauce: Cook flour and seasonings with butter to remove any floury flavor; Slowly add in some milk to the roux …Apr 8, 2020 ... 2 tablespoons salted butter ; 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour ; 1 cup milk ; 8 ounces cheddar cheese or processed American cheese ; 1/8 teaspoon ...Let the beef rest for at least 20 minutes. To make the Arby’s sauce, combine ketchup, hot sauce, brown sugar, garlic powder, Worcestershire sauce, and water. Whisk that together and let reduce for about 5 minutes. To make the cheese sauce heat butter until melted. Then add all-purpose flour and whisk together for about …A good macaroni and cheese recipe can be made using good quality sharp cheddar, and making a sauce from milk, butter, mustard, flour and some eggs, before pouring over the pasta an...Instructions. Bring a large saucepan of salted water to a boil over medium-high heat. Add the garlic, thyme, and bay leaf and boil for 5 minutes to infuse the water. Add the cauliflower and cook until very fork-tender, 7 to 10 minutes. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the cauliflower to a blender or food processor fitted with the blade attachment.Instructions. First, make sure your cheddar cheese is freshly-shredded and ready to go. Set aside for step 4. Melt the butter in a medium saucepan over medium heat. Add the flour and whisk together until a thick and clumpy paste forms, about 1 minute. In a slow and steady stream, whisk in the milk.In a heavy bottom pan, melt butter and add in all purpose flour, dry mustard, salt and pepper. Whisk to combine. Cook for 3 minutes and whisk in milk and continue cooking about 5 minutes over medium heat until thickened. Remove from heat and stir in cheese until completely melted.Learn how to make a simple and delicious cheddar cheese sauce for anything from roast dinner to nachos. This recipe shows you the best tips and tricks to prevent lumps, grainy texture and uneven flavour. …Buffalo chicken dip is a popular and delicious appetizer that combines the flavors of spicy buffalo sauce, creamy cheese, and tender shredded chicken. While the ingredients are fai...This dairy-free cheese sauce is super quick and simple to make! You can find the full printable recipe in the recipe card below. Step 1: Whisk all of the ingredients together in a saucepan. Step 2: On medium heat, bring the cheese sauce to a simmer for 5 minutes. (Reduce to low if the sauce is splattering.)May 24, 2022 · Add 2 cups cream and stir it together. After about 30 seconds, when the cream is warm but not starting to bubble, remove from heat. Set aside and let steep for 30 minutes. Chop 2 cups of American cheese while you wait. (2 cups is 8 ounces.) Shred 2 cups of cheddar cheese. Set aside. Mar 2, 2024 · In a medium saucepan, melt the butter over medium low to medium heat, then sprinkle flour over the top. Whisk until smooth then continue simmering 1 minute. Pour in the milk and season with salt then continue whisking constantly until the milk and flour mixture are combined. Add the cheese stirring well to combine. Sep 23, 2021 ... Ingredients for Cheese Sauce: · Butter– Salted or unsalted works. · All-Purpose Flour– This is used in equal parts to fat to make a roux to ...Use good quality sharp cheddar and white cheddar cheese. It really does make a difference. I use 2% milk but in a pinch, I have used skim and whole with good success. This recipe requires frequent whisking for a nice smooth sauce. If the sauce becomes too thick simply add a couple of tablespoons of milk or low …Bring a large pot of lightly salted water to a boil. Cook elbow macaroni in the boiling water, stirring occasionally until cooked through but firm to the bite, 8 minutes. At the same time, melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat. Add flour, salt, and pepper and stir until smooth, about 5 minutes.Place a medium-sized pot over medium heat. Add the butter, shallots, garlic, and jalapeño. Saute for 3-4 minutes to soften, then add the half & half and chipotle peppers. Whisk in the cornstarch. Allow the mixture to come to a simmer, so the half & half can scald (not necessary with evaporated milk).This cheese sauce recipe is easy to make in 5 minutes with only 6 ingredients! We’ll walk through the process step-by-step and don’t forget to watch the video. To begin we make a roux by melting the butter in a small saucepan over medium heat. Then, once the butter is melted, add the flour and salt and whisk to …Jun 10, 2021 · Stir until all popcorn is evenly coated. Spread popcorn on a sheet pan, sprinkle with finely shredded cheese (I used a microplane zester to shred mine). Stir it around until evenly distributed. Place rack in the center of the oven and turn broiler to low. Cook popcorn until cheese is melted (about 2-3 minutes). Make the Roux. Measure out equal amounts of butter and flour. As a general rule, you'll use 2 tablespoons butter and 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour for every 1 cup of milk. Dice the butter into small cubes and melt it in a saucepan over low heat. Once the butter is melted, begin whisking in the flour.Let it cook for a minute or two. Add milk, garlic powder and pepper. Cook until thickened stirring often, about 10 minutes until it coats the back of a spoon. Turn off the heat and whisk in your cheese until well combined and serve immediately over the broccoli or the vegetable of your choice.Sep 20, 2023 · Directions. Whisk flour with 1/4 cup milk in a small bowl until smooth. Heat the remaining milk in a small saucepan over medium-low heat until steaming. Add the flour mixture and cook, whisking constantly, until the sauce bubbles and thickens, about 4 minutes. Remove from the heat; stir in Cheddar, dry mustard, paprika, cayenne (if using) and salt. Instructions. Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the pasta and cook it until al dente, about 10 minutes. Drain the pasta then set it aside. Add the milk to a medium saucepan set over low heat. Once the milk is hot to the touch, turn off the heat and set it aside.medium saucepan. wooden spoon or balloon whisk. box grater. Melt the butter in a medium saucepan over a medium heat. When the butter has melted, add the flour. Stir in the flour for 1 minute to make a paste – this is called the roux. Gradually add the milk, stirring as you go and ensuring each new addition is fully incorporated before adding ...In combination with heating and stirring, these melting salts improve the emulsifying ability of the proteins in the cheese. They also tend to shift the pH ...Learn how to make a simple and delicious cheddar cheese sauce with only four ingredients in 5 minutes. This flour-free, low carb, and keto cheese sauce is perfect for broccoli, chicken, pasta, and more.This homemade nacho cheese is just what you need. It is smooth and creamy with a hint of spice from a few extra ingredients. Switch cheese – To make the homemade nacho cheese sauce, just swap out …Add the cashew mixture to the pot with the water/agar agar. Bring to a boil and whisk constantly for 1-2 minutes until it thickens. Pour into lightly oiled ramekins. Refrigerate for 2-3 hours or until firm. Once refrigerated and firm, turn upside down over a plate to pop the cheese out of the dish.Sep 5, 2019 · To make this ricotta cheddar cheese sauce with heavy cream, first gather all of your ingredients in one place. Then in a saucepot combine the heavy cream and butter. Make sure you set the heavy cream and butter over medium heat and let this melt. Once the butter is melted stir in the ricotta cheese, garlic powder, and salt and pepper to taste. I have seen many, many threads about the history of the coney island sauce for hot dogs that originated in the Detroit area and are served as “Michigans” in New York state and part...Bull-Dog Sauce News: This is the News-site for the company Bull-Dog Sauce on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksMay 24, 2022 · Add 2 cups cream and stir it together. After about 30 seconds, when the cream is warm but not starting to bubble, remove from heat. Set aside and let steep for 30 minutes. Chop 2 cups of American cheese while you wait. (2 cups is 8 ounces.) Shred 2 cups of cheddar cheese. Set aside. If you’re a fan of Italian cuisine, you’ve probably indulged in a delicious plate of lasagna at some point. This classic dish, with its layers of pasta, meat sauce, and melted chee...Ingredients · 200 gram American cheddar cheese · 2 tbsp butter · 2 tbsp wheat flour · 2,5 dl milk · 1 tsp salt · 1 tsp cayenne pepper &mid... Melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat. Add flour then whisk for one minute. Slowly whisk in milk then season with salt and pepper and switch to a wooden spoon. Stir and cook until thickened, 4-5 minutes, then turn off heat and add cheese. Stir until sauce is melted and smooth then taste and add additional salt and pepper if necessary. Sep 24, 2021 ... Gouda Cheddar Cheese Sauce · Grate cheese. · Heat ¾ cup of milk in a saucepan until it's simmering. · Whisk together cold milk and cornsta...In combination with heating and stirring, these melting salts improve the emulsifying ability of the proteins in the cheese. They also tend to shift the pH ...Mar 8, 2022 · When the butter begins to foam, stir in the flour; cook and stir for about 1 minute. Stir in the salt and pepper. Gradually stir in the milk. Cook over low heat, stirring constantly until the sauce has thickened. Add the shredded cheese, dry mustard, and garlic powder. Continue to cook and stir until the cheese is melted. Directions. In the medium pot, bring the cream to a gentle simmer over medium heat. Whisk in the mustard. Stir in the Gruyère, Parmesan and garlic and cook until the cheeses are melted and ...Jun 22, 2010 · Learn how to make a creamy and versatile cheddar cheese sauce with milk, butter, flour, cheese, and spices. Use it to top burgers, tater tots, broccoli, nachos, and more. Aug 10, 2021 · Add the milk. While whisking constantly, slowly pour in 1 1/2 cups milk. Continue cooking over medium heat, whisking often, until the mixture comes to a simmer, the flour has completely dissolved, and the milk has thickened enough to coat the back of a spoon, 2 to 3 minutes. Add the seasonings and cheese. Bring a large pot of heavily salted water to a boil. Add 1 pound dried elbow macaroni and cook for 2 minutes less than package directions for al dente. Meanwhile, grate 1 1/2 pounds medium cheddar cheese on the large holes of a box grater (about 6 cups). Reserve 1 cup of the cheese for sprinkling. Drain the macaroni.Bags of shredded quesadilla cheese, taco cheese, Italian cheese, fancy shredded blend, cheddar, white cheddar, monterey jack, asiago cheese, swiss, …Instructions. Melt butter in a saucepan over medium-low heat. Keeping butter on heat, add flour and whisk well for 1-2 minutes until mixture begins to thicken- this can happen quick so do not walk off from stove. Stir in remaining seasonings – salt, garlic powder, paprika, and pepper.How to Make Cheddar Cheese Sauce. With a saucepan and ingredients that you probably have on hand, you can have some ooey-gooey cheese sauce ready to go! Whisk milk & flour in a saucepan, …Microwave, covered, at full power for 2 ½ minutes, whisking every 30 seconds, or until thick. If needed, continue microwaving in 30 second intervals until desired thickness is achieved. Sauce will look lumpy at first but will smooth out. Add cheese and stir to melt, or until sauce is smooth. Serve immediately.May 24, 2022 · Add 2 cups cream and stir it together. After about 30 seconds, when the cream is warm but not starting to bubble, remove from heat. Set aside and let steep for 30 minutes. Chop 2 cups of American cheese while you wait. (2 cups is 8 ounces.) Shred 2 cups of cheddar cheese. Set aside. STEP 8. Put about 1/3 of the meat sauce on the bottom of your casserole dish. Add about half the cooked pasta. Top with half the cheddar cheese. Add another third of the sauce and the remaining pasta. End with the rest of the sauce and top with the remaining one cup of cheddar and the Parmesan cheese …Microwave, covered, at full power for 2 ½ minutes, whisking every 30 seconds, or until thick. If needed, continue microwaving in 30 second intervals until desired thickness is achieved. Sauce will look lumpy at first but will smooth out. Add cheese and stir to melt, or until sauce is smooth. Serve immediately.Instructions. Melt butter in a medium-sized pot over medium-heat. Sauté the green onions (white parts only) for 4 minutes, until soft. Then add the garlic and sauté until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add the tomatoes in with juices with the chiles, cumin, onion powder and cayenne pepper.First, grease inside a small/medium bowl or the container of your choice (mine measures 5.5×3-inches/14 x 7.5 cm – to work as a mold for the cheese) with a neutral oil. Set it aside. Next, transfer all ingredients except the olive brine and tapioca flour to a high-speed blender and blend until smooth and creamy. ---1