Black Clover Película Jump Festa 2016 Jump Festa 2018. Black Clover Película Jump Festa 2016 Jump Festa 2018. Black Clover Wiki. Explora. Portada; Discusiones; Todas las páginas; ... Juegos Películas TV Wikis Explorar otros wikis Comunidad Central Crear un wiki ¿No tienes una cuenta? Registrarse. Iniciar sesión. FANDOM. Explore. Current ...October 2, 2017. 24min. TV-14. Young Asta and Yuno are to receive powerful, personal magic tomes at the Grimoire Awarding Ceremony, but for one of them, the rite goes very wrong. Store Filled. Available to buy. Buy HD $2.99. More purchase options. S1 E2 - A Young Man's Vow.The fantasy series following Asta and Yuno has a total of 170 episodes so far. Out of the 170 episodes, Black Clover has 18 filler episodes. Here is a guide on the Black Clover filler list, which ...Two young boys, Asta and Yuno aspire to become the Wizard King.Watch Episodes 1-28. Episode 28 is mostly comedy & slice of life, so skip parts as needed. · Skip Recap Episode 29 · Watch Episodes 30-65. Although Episode 40 is&...In total, Black Clover has a total of 170 episodes, with 18 episodes reported as filler episodes. Statistics show that it has a low filler percentage of 11%. The story presents our two main characters Asta and Yuno, in a magical world who both received grimoires (magic books) that can help to boost their magical powers at the age of fifteen. ...Streaming, rent, or buy Black Clover – Season 1: Currently you are able to watch "Black Clover - Season 1" streaming on Crunchyroll, Hulu, Crunchyroll Amazon Channel, Funimation Now or for free with ads on Crunchyroll. It is also possible to buy "Black Clover - Season 1" as download on Apple TV, Google Play Movies, Amazon Video.Simply click on the interactive rating graph to explore the best and worst of Black Clover's 170 episodes. Best Episodes of Black Clover. Black Oath. S1 Ep167. …The Black Clover anime has been put on hiatus, and now we will let you know when Episode 171 of Black Clover will be available to watch online as well as when. ... Total Episode: 170 (Season 1-4) Status: Episode 171 (Upcoming) Director: Tatsuya Yoshihara, Rokô Ogiwara; Writer: Katelyn Barr;Synopsis: Ang mundo ay sinakop ng mga demonyo ngunit nagapi ito ng mga magic knight na kalaunan ay tinawag na Magic Emperor. Dalawang binate ang iniwan sa simbahan; Si Yuno, may likas na talento sa mahika gamit ang kaniyang four-leaf clover grimoire; Ang isa naman ay si Asta, wala siyang kakayahang mahikal ngunit hawak niya ang isang black …The first season of Black Clover premiered on October 3, 2017, and ran for a total of 51 episodes. It covered the first nine volumes of the manga and introduced fans to the world of Black Clover ...Episode 155 - The 5 Spirit Guardians. Episode 156 - Awakening Power. Episode 157 - The Five-Leaf Clover. There are a total of 22 anime canon episodes and 17 filler episodes in the Black Clover ...Mar 30, 2021 ... Black Clover Episode 171 Black Clover latest episode shows how Asta met Liebe and how Liebe met Astas mother Licita. Black Clover episode ...Free. SD. HD. 4K. 🇵🇭. Stream. 49 Episodes HD. 10 Episodes HD. We checked for updates on 34 streaming services on March 6, 2024 at 7:34:57 AM.Black Clover went on for 170 episodes, which is an amazing feat considering most anime go under after their first season. Intriguingly, the sheer number of episodes is the culprit behind Black ...As per the manga, Episode 171 of Black Clover Season 5 will continue Asta’s training with Liebe, which ended in a secret in the previous episode. As part of Episode 171, the public will learn the outcome of Asta’s training with Liebe. Nacht crafts a detailed strategy for infiltrating the Spade kingdom, showing Asta treating Liebe as an ally ... Black clover (season 1) Episode 1:asta and yuno: join the magic knights. When a young boy named asta and his friend yuno went to the magic kingdom to become magic knights, they meet the wizard King and the wizard king informs them that they have to pass trials to become magic knights. Asta and yuno went to their respective teams, yuno went to ... Episodes organized by story arcs of Black Clover . Category:Magic Knights Entrance Arc Episodes. Category:Dungeon Exploration Arc Episodes. Category:Royal Capital Arc Episodes. Category:Eye of the Midnight Sun Arc Episodes. Category:Seabed Temple Arc Episodes. Category:Witches' Forest Arc Episodes. Category:Royal Knights Arc Episodes.Jan 4, 2024 · In total 170 episodes of Black Clover were aired. With a total of 18 reported filler episodes, Black Clover has a low filler percentage of 11%. In a world where magic is everything, Asta and Yuno are both found abandoned at a church on the same day. Nah, baru-baru ini anime BLACK CLOVER baru saja merilis film berjudul BLACK CLOVER: SWORD OF THE WIZARD KING di tanggal 16 Juni 2023 kemarin. KLovers yang ingin mengikuti anime ini, wajib tahu dulu urutannya. Dan berikut ini daftar urutan yang benar nonton anime BLACK CLOVER terlengkap, beserta dengan sinopsisnya.Black Clover has 170 episodes to date, which roughly translates to about 40 episodes per season. That’s a lot of binge-watching, even for an average Netflix couch …Black Clover (TV) (Dub) Episode 105; Light. Prev. Next. Bookmark. Report. 0 - 149 ; 150 - 170 ; Vidstreaming Vidcdn Streamwish Server Hydrax Doodstream Filelions. Black Clover (TV) (Dub) Asta and Yuno were abandoned together at the same church and have been inseparable since. As children, they promised that they would compete against each …Oct 3, 2017 · Poll: Black Clover Episode 115 Discussion ( 1 2) Stark700 - Dec 24, 2019: 80 replies: by Zedz_c »» Yesterday, 11:02 AM: Poll: Black Clover Episode 133 Discussion ( 1 2) Stark700 - Jul 7, 2020: 58 replies: by RoShamBo »» Yesterday, 1:18 AM: Poll: Black Clover Episode 78 Discussion ( 1 2) Stark700 - Apr 9, 2019: 65 replies: by neomarey ... Black Clover. TV-14 2017 •. Action/Adventure, Fantasy, Shounen. •. dub, sub. • 4 Seasons. In a world where magic is everything, the next Wizard King could be a boy without power.Oct 23, 2023 · Let’s unravel the mysteries of Black Clover’s episode list together! Key Facts: Black Clover has a total of 170 episodes. The series aired from October 3, 2017, to March 30, 2021. The anime is produced by Studio Pierrot and aired on TV Tokyo. An anime film titled “Black Clover: Sword of the Wizard King” was released in June 2023. The ... Two young boys, Asta and Yuno aspire to become the Wizard King.Oct 3, 2017 · See scores, popularity and other stats for the anime Black Clover on MyAnimeList, the internet's largest anime database. Asta and Yuno were abandoned at the same church on the same day. Raised together as children, they came to know of the "Wizard King"—a title given to the strongest mage in the kingdom—and promised that they would compete against each other for the position of the next ... Dec 4, 2021 ... There's never been a better time to get into "Black Clover." The popular fantasy shonen anime produced by the studio Pierrot is, ...Oct 29, 2021 ... Total Episodes: 170. Run Time: 2015-Current. Filler Episodes: 17. Percentage of Filler: 10+%. Creator: Yuki Tabata. How To Watch Black Clover ...How long does it take to watch every episode of Black Clover? 2 days. 17 hours. 10 minutes. This is the 1,514th longest binge-watch and the 191th most ...Top 50 episodes of Black Clover (2017-2021) These top 50 episodes are listed in chronological order, since that's usually the best viewing order. Click the "Rating" column heading to order the episodes by rating. ... The Black Bulls Captain vs the Crimson Wild Rose: S2-E48: 88: The Desperate Path Toward Survival: S2-E49: 96: We Won't Lose to ...Trying to find a four-leaf clover? Increase your odds of finding a lucky four-leaf clover with these tips. Advertisement You're out for a stroll and spot a patch of clover. As you ...Black Clover (TV) (Dub) Episode 105; Light. Prev. Next. Bookmark. Report. 0 - 149 ; 150 - 170 ; Vidstreaming Vidcdn Streamwish Server Hydrax Doodstream Filelions. Black Clover (TV) (Dub) Asta and Yuno were abandoned together at the same church and have been inseparable since. As children, they promised that they would compete against each …Years after the final episode of The Office, fans still can’t get enough of the hilarious mockumentary. In 2018, it ranked on Netflix as the most-watched television series of the y...This is the longest stretch of Black Clover filler episodes that you will ever find. Essentially, filler episodes are made to allow the manga to progress smoothly before the anime can catch up. ... There are a total of 13 episodes in this arc with three episodes being filler. They are – episode 2, episode 8 and episode 9.Given that the Black Clover anime has a total of 22 anime canon episodes, that, in addition to the 17 filler episodes, is a total of 39 episodes that fans can avoid watching if they are on a manga ... Asta and Yuno were abandoned at the same church on the same day. Raised together as children, they came to know of the "Wizard King"—a title given to the strongest mage in the kingdom—and promised that they would compete against each other for the position of the next Wizard King. However, as they grew up, the stark difference between them became evident. While Yuno is able to wield magic ... The Devil Trial 「悪魔裁判 Akuma Saiban」 is an attempt by Damnatio Kira to blame Asta and Secre Swallowtail for the elves' reincarnation and possession of various Magic Knights. After the Reincarnation Magic is dispelled, Julius Novachrono—who survived due to stored Time Magic—and Yami Sukehiro have a meeting with Asta, Noelle Silva, Secre …Black Clover is available to watch for free today. If you are in India, you can: Stream 25 episodes online with ads on Crunchyroll ; Watch it on Crunchyroll with a free trial ; 20 Episodes . S1 E1 - Season 1. S1 E2 - Season 1. S1 E3 - Season 1. S1 E4 - Season 1. S1 E5 - Season 1. S1 E6 - Season 1. When they received their Grimoires at age 15, Yuno got a spectacular book with a four-leaf clover (most people receive a three-leaf-clover), while Asta received nothing at all. However, when Yuno was threatened, the truth about Asta's power was revealed, he received a five-leaf clover Grimoire, a "black clover"! 169. The Devil-Binding Ritual. March 23, 2021. 170. The Faraway Future. March 30, 2021. Lists Anime, Black Clover, Manga, Pop Culture. All Black Clover episodes We present all the episodes of the Black Clover anime, and the respective release date. New episodes will be added here as they.Top 50 episodes of Black Clover (2017-2021) These top 50 episodes are listed in chronological order, since that's usually the best viewing order. Click the "Rating" column heading to order the episodes by rating. ... The Black Bulls Captain vs the Crimson Wild Rose: S2-E48: 88: The Desperate Path Toward Survival: S2-E49: 96: We Won't Lose to ... Black Clover, Vol. 34. As the Clover Kingdom reacts to the news of Asta’s apparent death, the young magicless knight awakens in the mysterious Land of the Sun. Can he survive the hard training there and gain a new power that can challenge Lucius? Oct 23, 2023 · Let’s unravel the mysteries of Black Clover’s episode list together! Key Facts: Black Clover has a total of 170 episodes. The series aired from October 3, 2017, to March 30, 2021. The anime is produced by Studio Pierrot and aired on TV Tokyo. An anime film titled “Black Clover: Sword of the Wizard King” was released in June 2023. The ... After 170 episodes, Black Clover has adapted 272 chapters worth of the manga, evening things out to 1.6 chapters per episode released. There’s also the fact that an interruption occurred with ...Black Clover anime had a successful run of four seasons over three years, with a total of 170 episodes and a film released in its course. Thus, fans did not expect such an abrupt stop to the series.Black Clover is 10493 on the JustWatch Daily Streaming Charts today. The TV show has moved up the charts by 3499 places since yesterday. In the United States, it is currently more popular than Salvage Kings but less popular than The History of Tom Jones: A Foundling. Track show.Number of episodes: 16. Aired: December 2020 to March 2021. This was the list of all seasons of Black Clover anime with the number of episodes in each season. …Dec 4, 2021 ... There's never been a better time to get into "Black Clover." The popular fantasy shonen anime produced by the studio Pierrot is, ...There are a total of 13% filler episodes in Black Clover with 22 fillers. Quick Filler & Canon Lists. Canon Episodes. 1, 3-7, 10-28, 30-65, 67, 70-81, 83-101, 103-122, 126-130, 132-133, 136-141, 149-170 ... This episode is a filler episode. As the Black Clover anime moves towards the end of the season, it has already covered most of the major ...Released on Mar 1, 2022. 1.7K. 21. The Black Bulls get a sudden visit from Mereleona and she drags them to the strong magic region of the Yultim Volcano. There, the Crimson Lion Kings, as well as ...Jul 21, 2023 · How many episodes are there in the Black Clover anime series? A. The anime series consists of multiple seasons, with a total of 170 episodes released as of March 2021. Episodes. 170-101 100-1. Episode 170 - 3 years ago. Watch. Episode 169 - 3 years ago. Watch. Episode 168 - 3 years ago. Watch. Episode 167 - 3 years ago.Sun, Mar 21, 2021 30 mins. While the Clover Kingdom was trying to get back onto its feet, the citizens learn that the one behind the destruction of their homes is called the devil, and many of .... Streaming, rent, or buy Black Clover – Season 1: Currently you are able to watch "Black Clover - Season 1" streaming on Crunchyroll, Hulu, Crunchyroll Amazon Channel, Funimation Now or for free with ads on Crunchyroll. It is also possible to buy "Black Clover - Season 1" as download on Apple TV, Google Play Movies, Amazon Video.Black Clover anime had a successful run of four seasons over three years, with a total of 170 episodes and a film released in its course. Thus, fans did not expect such an abrupt stop to the series.There are a total of 13% filler episodes in Black Clover with 22 fillers. Quick Filler & Canon Lists. Canon Episodes. 1, 3-7, 10-28, 30-65, 67, 70-81, 83-101, 103-122, 126-130, 132-133, 136-141, 149-170 ... This episode is a filler episode. As the Black Clover anime moves towards the end of the season, it has already covered most of the major ...Jul 5, 2022 ... With 170 episodes under its belt, Black Clover delivered many epic battles. Despite the anime's magical nature, some survivals were too ...Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. Add to Cart. Buy Now . Enhancements you chose aren't available for this seller. Details . ... Inside the Episode; Black Clover Highlights Episodes 52-54; Black Clover Highlights Episodes 55-57; Inside the Episode: Episode 61; Episode 62 Commentary;After 170 episodes, Black Clover has adapted 272 chapters worth of the manga, evening things out to 1.6 chapters per episode released. There’s also the fact that an interruption occurred with ...Anime Black Clover ditayangkan perdana pada 3 Oktober 2017 di TV Tokyo di Jepang. Musim pertama, yang mengadaptasi delapan volume pertama dari manga, awalnya terdaftar berjalan selama 13 episode, tetapi kemudian diperluas menjadi 51 episode. Dua musim pertama masing-masing terdiri dari 51 episode. Pada 2017, …Episodes · S1 E1 - Asta and Yuno. October 2, 2017 · S1 E2 - The Boys' Promise. October 9, 2017 · S1 E3 - To the Royal Capital of the Clover Kingdom! Octobe...List of episodes of Black Clover. Black Clover Wiki. Explore. Main Page; Discuss; All Pages; Community; Interactive Maps; Recent Blog Posts; Media. Series. Chapters and …The Devil Trial 「悪魔裁判 Akuma Saiban」 is an attempt by Damnatio Kira to blame Asta and Secre Swallowtail for the elves' reincarnation and possession of various Magic Knights. After the Reincarnation Magic is dispelled, Julius Novachrono—who survived due to stored Time Magic—and Yami Sukehiro have a meeting with Asta, Noelle Silva, Secre …01/30/24. 06/29/23. 06/20/23. Everyone within the Clover Kingdom is born with the natural ability to perform magic. Asta and Yuno are both orphans, abandoned at the same church at the same time ...The first season of the Black Clover anime television series was directed by Tatsuya Yoshihara and produced by Pierrot. The season adapts the first nine volumes (chapters 1–75) of Yūki Tabata's manga series of the same name, with the exception of episode 13 (which has a separate storyline from the manga) and episode 29 (recap). It follows the …Oct 3, 2017 · Poll: Black Clover Episode 115 Discussion ( 1 2) Stark700 - Dec 24, 2019: 80 replies: by Zedz_c »» Yesterday, 11:02 AM: Poll: Black Clover Episode 133 Discussion ( 1 2) Stark700 - Jul 7, 2020: 58 replies: by RoShamBo »» Yesterday, 1:18 AM: Poll: Black Clover Episode 78 Discussion ( 1 2) Stark700 - Apr 9, 2019: 65 replies: by neomarey ... Tue, Jul 23, 2019. S2.E42. Julius Novachrono. The battle rages on between the Wizard King and Licht, who holds a kingdom's worth of innocent people hostage. Julius recalls his greatest motivation. 9.7/10. Rate. Top-rated. Tue, Mar 9, 2021. S4.E11 ∙ Water Crusade. Tue, Feb 23, 2021. In the Spade Kingdom a spy from the Clover Kingdom is discovered in Dante's office, revealed to be wearing a Black Bull robe under their cape. Vanica, the one who cursed Loropechika, demands Loropechika duel her while her masochistic subordinate, Disciple Robero, keeps Noelle and Mimosa busy. Oct 23, 2023 · Let’s unravel the mysteries of Black Clover’s episode list together! Key Facts: Black Clover has a total of 170 episodes. The series aired from October 3, 2017, to March 30, 2021. The anime is produced by Studio Pierrot and aired on TV Tokyo. An anime film titled “Black Clover: Sword of the Wizard King” was released in June 2023. The ... Episode 20 - Rassemblement à la cité royale. Episode 21 - La cité royale s'embrase. Episode 22 - Des sorts à la pelle. Episode 23 - Le Lion flamboyant. Episode 24 - Blackout. Episode 25 - Dans l'adversité. Episode 26 - Comme un animal blessé. Episode 27 - Lumière. Episode 28 - L'élu de mon cœur. Best Price. Free. SD. HD. 4K. 🇵🇭. Stream. 10 Episodes HD. We checked for updates on 34 streaming services on February 28, 2024 at 4:22:44 AM.Black Clover (musim 4) Black Clover. (musim 4) Musim keempat dari seri anime Black Clover disutradarai oleh Ayataka Tanemura dan diproduksi oleh Pierrot. [1] Musim ini ditayangkan di Jepang sejak tanggal 8 Desember 2020 pada saluran TV Tokyo. Musim ini mengadaptasi cerita canon orisinal anime yang disupervisi oleh Tabata sebelum …Unlike most shonen anime out there, Black Clover is very light on fillers. So watching the entire show without diverging into material that doesn't drive the plot isn't too hard. Here are the episodes that can be safely skipped: 29, 66, 68, 82, 123-125, 131, 134-135, 142-148. That's only 15 filler episodes out of the entire 170-episode run. List of episodes of Black Clover. Black Clover Wiki. Explore. Main Page; Discuss; All Pages; ... Official Japanese Black Clover anime site; in: Story Categories. Episodes Black Clover Anime Delays New Episodes Due to COVID-19 (Apr 26, 2020) Black Clover Anime to Rebroadcast 1st Episode on May 5 (Apr 26, 2020) Funimation to Release New English-dubbed Episodes for 4 ...List of episodes of Black Clover. Black Clover Wiki. Explore. Main Page; Discuss; All Pages; Community; Interactive Maps; Recent Blog Posts; Media. Series. Chapters and …This is the 11th arc of Yūki Tabata's Black Clover. On the seventh level of the underworld, Lucius Zogratis defeats the other half of Lucifero and consumes the devil's heart. Although delayed by the mysterious absence of Damnatio Kira, the Devil Trial eventually resumes and declares Asta and Secre Swallowtail innocent. A year and three months after the raid on …Black Clover is an anime television series adapted from the manga of the same title written and illustrated by Yūki Tabata. Produced by Pierrot and directed by …Stream. 51 Episodes HD. Buy. $10.99. $24.99. $13.99. 10 Episodes. We checked for updates on 249 streaming services on March 2, 2024 at 5:28:05 PM. Tue, Jul 23, 2019. S2.E42. Julius Novachrono. The battle rages on between the Wizard King and Licht, who holds a kingdom's worth of innocent people hostage. Julius recalls his greatest motivation. 9.7/10. Rate. Top-rated. Tue, Mar 9, 2021. 11:29 am. Black Clover’s episode 170 ended in the most Asta-like way possible and left us wondering if we will ever get episode 171. Of course, instead of enslaving his devil, Asta would end up befriending it! With a single move, he proved to both Nacht and Liebe how much of a kind-hearted and dumb bloke he actually is.Black Clover has 170 episodes to date, which roughly translates to about 40 episodes per season. That’s a lot of binge-watching, even for an average Netflix couch … October 3, 2017 - March 30, 2021. Episodes. 170. Black Clover 「ブラッククローバー Burakku Kurōbā 」 is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yūki Tabata. The series began serialization on February 16, 2015 in Weekly Shōnen Jump Issue 12. The story focuses on fantasy, adventure and comedy genres while maintaining the ... Chapter 09 - The Boy's Vow 2. Chapter 10 - What Happened One Day in the Castle Town. Episode 01 - Asta and Yuno. Episode 02 - The Boys' Promise. Episode 03 - To the Royal Capital of the Clover Kingdom! Episode 04 - The Magic Knights Entrance Exam. Episode 05 - The Road to the Wizard King. Episode 06 - The Black Bulls. Released on Mar 1, 2022. 1.7K. 21. The Black Bulls get a sudden visit from Mereleona and she drags them to the strong magic region of the Yultim Volcano. There, the Crimson Lion Kings, as well as ...Oct 3, 2017 · 8.2. 19th Jan 2021. Asta and Yuno were abandoned in front of the church in Hage Village, a village in the outskirts of the Clover Kingdom. And now, we finally find out the truth behind Yuno’s birth! Meanwhile, while Vice Captain Yuno was away, the Golden Dawn’s headquarters was attacked by the Spade Kingdom. Asta's Demon-Destroyer Sword Is A Wild Card. Asta comes across Demon-Destroyer in the Gravito Rock Zone, right before the climax of the Elf Reincarnation arc. The Demon-Destroyer sword is a bit of a wild card, because the upper limits of its power and potential are still unknown. It shares some traits with Demon-Slayer and Demon-Dweller, …01. "Asta and Yuno". October 3, 2017. December 2, 2017. Young Asta and Yuno are to receive powerful, personal magic tomes at the Grimoire Awarding Ceremony, but for one of them, the rite goes very wrong. 02. 02. "A Young Man's Vow". October 10, 2017.Today we will Guide and Provide Black Clover Filler List.Black Clover is an anime series that aired from 2017 to 2021, captivating viewers with its magical world. Throughout its run, a total of 170 episodes of Black Clover were broadcasted. With 18 reported filler episodes, the series maintains a relatively low filler percentage of 11%. Black Clover (musim 4) Black Clover. (musim 4) Musim keempat dari seri anime Black Clover disutradarai oleh Ayataka Tanemura dan diproduksi oleh Pierrot. [1] Musim ini ditayangkan di Jepang sejak tanggal 8 Desember 2020 pada saluran TV Tokyo. Musim ini mengadaptasi cerita canon orisinal anime yang disupervisi oleh Tabata sebelum dilanjutkan ... Sun, Feb 17, 2019 30 mins. Asta is swept up by Noelle, Finral, Zell, and Domina and suddenly taken to the Witches' Forest. When they manage to sneak in, they discover Vanessa at the feet of the ...Black Clover anime has 170 episodes in Japanese and English, with a movie and a game coming soon. Learn how long it takes to watch the whole series, where to …Black Clover. TV-14 2017 •. Action/Adventure, Fantasy, Shounen. •. dub, sub. • 4 Seasons. In a world where magic is everything, the next Wizard King could be a boy without power.Sun, Mar 21, 2021 30 mins. While the Clover Kingdom was trying to get back onto its feet, the citizens learn that the one behind the destruction of their homes is called the devil, and many of ... When they received their Grimoires at age 15, Yuno got a spectacular book with a four-leaf clover (most people receive a three-leaf-clover), while Asta received nothing at all. However, when Yuno was threatened, the truth about Asta's power was revealed, he received a five-leaf clover Grimoire, a "black clover"! Looking for information on the anime Black Clover? Find out more with MyAnimeList, the world's most active online anime and manga community and database. …October 3, 2017 - March 30, 2021. Episodes. 170. Black Clover 「ブラッククローバー Burakku Kurōbā 」 is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yūki Tabata. The series began serialization on February 16, 2015 in Weekly Shōnen Jump Issue 12. The story focuses on fantasy, adventure and comedy genres while maintaining the ... ---1